Everyday Items Polluting Your Indoor Air

Indoor air pollution is a serious threat to human health, causing millions of deaths each year. Indoor air quality problems primarily stem from indoor pollution sources that release gases and particles into the atmosphere. These sources can be both natural and human-made, and they can have a significant impact on the air we breathe. From building materials to household cleaners, biological pollutants, and even our daily activities, there are numerous factors that contribute to indoor air pollution. In this context, it is crucial to identify common sources of indoor air pollution and take appropriate measures to mitigate their impact on our health and well-being.

Tobacco smoke

The adverse health effects of ETS are well-documented. It has been linked to lung cancer, cardiovascular disease (such as heart disease and stroke), reproductive issues (including low birth weight), and other diseases. ETS is a particular concern for non-smoking adults, as it can lead to premature deaths from these conditions. It also poses significant risks to infants and children, increasing the likelihood of sudden infant death syndrome, respiratory and ear infections, and triggering more frequent and severe asthma attacks.

The impact of ETS is not limited to the immediate vicinity of smokers. Secondhand tobacco smoke can move between rooms, including between apartment units in a building. While ventilation, filtration, and air cleaning techniques can reduce indoor ETS levels, they do not eliminate it entirely.

The particulate matter (PM) in ETS is of particular concern. These particles can deposit deeply into the airways and contribute significantly to indoor air pollution. The specific tobacco product and the microenvironment also play a role in the concentration of PM.

The harmful effects of ETS have been recognised as a substantial public health threat. A large percentage of people are exposed to ETS, and the evidence of its impact on illness and premature death is concerning.

Poor ventilation

One of the main issues with poor ventilation is the buildup of humidity, which can spur the growth of mould and damage buildings. Mould growth is also encouraged by poor construction or rehabilitation, site design that does not properly manage water, and inadequate air exchange. In cool climates, inadequate ventilation in the winter can contribute to excessive moisture and humidity, as normal activities like cooking, bathing, and breathing create moisture, which is not removed by natural or mechanical ventilation.

In addition to mould, inadequate ventilation can lead to a buildup of other indoor contaminants, such as chemicals used in construction or renovation, emissions from fuel-burning appliances, and outdoor pollutants that are drawn inside. Appliances that burn gas, such as cook stoves, gas furnaces, gas boilers, and gas water heaters, can produce particulates and carbon monoxide if they are not properly ventilated. Similarly, wood-burning stoves can create particulates and must be vented outside.

To improve ventilation and reduce indoor air pollution, it is recommended to use exhaust fans in bathrooms and kitchens, as well as ceiling fans and open windows to improve airflow. It is also important to seal ducts and ensure that the ventilation system is properly maintained, as HVAC systems can also spread pollutants throughout the home.

Household cleaning products

The Environmental Working Group (EWG) has published a peer-reviewed study in Chemosphere, which analyzed 30 cleaning products, including multipurpose and glass cleaners, and air fresheners. The study revealed that these everyday products may release hundreds of hazardous VOCs. In total, 530 unique VOCs were detected in the 30 products, with 193 considered hazardous, causing potential health issues such as respiratory damage, increased cancer risk, and developmental and reproductive harm.

The EWG study also found that products labeled as "green" emitted fewer VOCs than conventional products, with ""fragrance-free" green products producing the fewest VOC emissions. This highlights the importance of choosing fragrance-free, eco-friendly, or green cleaning alternatives to reduce indoor air pollution and potential health risks.

To minimize the impact of household cleaning products on indoor air quality, it is advisable to opt for non-toxic, eco-friendly, or green cleaning products. These alternatives typically do not contain phosphates, artificial ingredients, harmful scents, or artificial colors. Routine cleaning with gentle ingredients like vinegar, water, peppermint oil, baking soda, and lemon can effectively clean the home without releasing harmful chemicals. Additionally, proper ventilation is crucial when using cleaning products. Opening windows and using electric fans can help bring in fresh air and reduce the concentration of indoor air pollutants.

Building materials

Common building materials that are sources of indoor air pollution include poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) floor coverings, parquet, linoleum, rubber carpets, adhesives, lacquers, paints, and varnishes. These materials can release VOCs into the air, contributing to indoor air pollution.

In addition to VOCs, toxic building materials such as asbestos can also cause indoor air pollution and pose serious health risks to occupants. Asbestos has been a common construction material for decades, and exposure to asbestos fibres in the air can lead to respiratory problems and other health issues.

To reduce indoor air pollution from building materials, it is essential to use sustainable, non-toxic, and air-purifying construction materials. Developers can specify low-VOC construction materials, such as those promoted by building certification systems like LEED and WELL, which emphasize energy efficiency and healthy indoor environments. Additionally, improving the building envelope and insulation can help prevent mould and dampness, which are also common sources of indoor air pollution.

Furthermore, proper ventilation plays a crucial role in maintaining good indoor air quality. Ventilation systems with air quality sensors can detect increased concentrations of pollutants and respond by increasing airflow to keep them under control. In new buildings, extra ventilation is necessary to remove the higher emissions from new materials and furniture.

Biological pollutants

Some biological pollutants, like mould and mildew, release disease-causing toxins. Others, like animal dander and pollen, are allergens that can trigger asthma attacks. Common sources of indoor allergens include pets, plants, and pests such as cockroaches and mice.

To control the growth and buildup of biological pollutants, it is essential to maintain a relative humidity level of 30-50% in homes. This is because biological growth requires moisture and nutrients, which can be found in bathrooms, damp basements, and wet appliances like humidifiers and air conditioners.

Additionally, specific preventive measures can be taken. For example, individuals with allergies should use allergen-proof mattress covers, wash bedding in hot water, and avoid furnishings that accumulate dust. They should also leave the house during vacuuming, as it can increase airborne levels of mite allergens.

Frequently asked questions