Ocean Pollution: Treatment Methods For A Cleaner Future

Ocean pollution is a significant environmental issue that poses a serious threat to the health and well-being of our planet. Oceans account for 70% of the surface of planet Earth and play a pivotal role in the health of our ecosystem. While the exact amount of pollution in the ocean is difficult to measure, one recent study estimates that the world's oceans are polluted by roughly 171 trillion plastic particles that, if gathered, would weigh roughly 2.3 million tons. These microplastics find their way into marine ecosystems and our water.

Most ocean pollution begins on land. When large tracts of land are plowed, the exposed soil can erode during rainstorms. Much of this runoff flows to the sea, carrying with it agricultural fertilizers and pesticides. Eighty per cent of pollution to the marine environment comes from the land. One of the biggest sources is called nonpoint source pollution, which occurs as a result of runoff. Nonpoint source pollution includes many small sources, like septic tanks, cars, trucks, and boats, plus larger sources, such as farms, ranches, and forest areas.

Some water pollution actually starts as air pollution, which settles into waterways and oceans. Dirt can be a pollutant. Topsoil or silt from fields or construction sites can run off into waterways, harming fish and wildlife habitats.

Correcting the harmful effects of nonpoint source pollution is costly. Each year, millions of dollars are spent to restore and protect areas damaged or endangered by nonpoint source pollutants.

Ocean pollution has multiple negative impacts on marine ecosystems, and these impacts are exacerbated by global climate change. Petroleum-based pollutants reduce photosynthesis in marine microorganisms that generate oxygen. Increasing absorption of carbon dioxide into the seas causes ocean acidification, which destroys coral reefs, impairs shellfish development, dissolves calcium-containing microorganisms at the base of the marine food web, and increases the toxicity of some pollutants.

Plastic pollution threatens marine mammals, fish, and seabirds and accumulates in large mid-ocean gyres. It breaks down into microplastic and nanoplastic particles containing multiple manufactured chemicals that can enter the tissues of marine organisms, including species consumed by humans.

Human health is also affected by ocean pollution. Pollutants in the ocean make their way back to humans. Small organisms ingest toxins and are eaten by larger predators, many of which are seafood that we eventually eat. When the toxins in contaminated animals get deposited in human tissue, it can lead to long-term health conditions, cancer and birth defects.

Reduce chemical fertilizer use

The use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture is a significant contributor to ocean water pollution. When chemical fertilizers are applied to fields, the excess nitrogen and phosphorus can be washed away from the fields and into nearby waterways, which eventually flow into the ocean. This process, known as nonpoint source pollution, is responsible for a large proportion of ocean pollution.

To reduce chemical fertilizer use and its impact on ocean water pollution, several measures can be implemented:

Adopting Nutrient Management Techniques

Farmers can improve their nutrient management practices by applying fertilizers in the proper amount, at the right time of year, with the correct method, and in the right placement. By optimizing these factors, farmers can significantly reduce the amount of fertilizer that reaches water bodies.

Using Conservation Drainage Practices

Subsurface tile drainage is a common practice in the Midwest to manage water movement through soils. By modifying drainage system design and operation, farmers can implement conservation drainage practices that reduce nutrient loads while maintaining adequate drainage for crop production.

Ensuring Year-Round Ground Cover

Planting cover crops or perennial species can prevent periods of bare ground on farm fields, reducing the risk of erosion and nutrient loss into nearby waterways.

Planting Field Buffers

By planting trees, shrubs, and grasses along the edges of fields, farmers can create natural buffers that absorb or filter out excess nutrients before they reach water bodies.

Implementing Conservation Tillage

Reducing the frequency and intensity of tilling can improve soil health, decrease erosion, and minimize the chance of nutrients reaching waterways through runoff.

Managing Livestock Access to Streams

Farmers can install fencing along streams, rivers, and lakes to prevent livestock access, helping restore stream banks and reduce nutrient runoff from animal waste.

By implementing these measures, farmers can play a crucial role in reducing chemical fertilizer use and mitigating its impact on ocean water pollution. These practices not only benefit ocean health but also contribute to more sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural practices.

Opt for reusable bottles and utensils

One of the most effective ways to reduce ocean water pollution is to opt for reusable bottles and utensils. This simple switch can have a significant impact on the environment and even offer some financial benefits.

The production and use of single-use plastic items, such as water bottles, utensils, and takeout containers, contribute greatly to ocean pollution. Plastic pollution is a pressing issue, with an estimated 50 million plastic water bottles used in the US each year, and only 23% of those being recycled. The rest end up in landfills or as pollution, with a significant amount ultimately finding its way into our oceans. This problem is projected to worsen, with the rate of plastic bottle pollution reaching our oceans expected to increase to two garbage trucks per minute by 2030 and four garbage trucks per minute by 2050. By choosing reusable alternatives, we can directly reduce the demand for single-use plastic items and, consequently, decrease the amount of plastic waste that ends up in our oceans.

Reusable water bottles, for instance, are a popular choice for Gen Z, with 69% of this demographic opting for them. This shift has a positive environmental impact and empowers individuals to take an active role in sustainability. Additionally, reusable bottles provide an opportunity for self-expression, with a wide range of colours and designs available, catering to different preferences and allowing for customisation.

It is worth noting that while reusable plastic bottles are a step in the right direction, they are not without their drawbacks. Studies have shown that even these bottles can shed microplastics and nanoplastics—plastic particles less than one-seventieth the width of a human hair—into the water. These particles can carry thousands of potentially harmful chemicals, including highly hazardous ones and known carcinogens. Therefore, it is recommended to opt for glass or metal water bottles instead of plastic ones, reusable or otherwise.

Making the switch to reusable utensils and bottles can also lead to financial savings. On average, an individual can save up to $1,350 by refilling a $20 reusable water bottle over five years, compared to buying single-use bottles. This not only reduces plastic waste but also translates to a substantial return on investment.

In conclusion, opting for reusable bottles and utensils is a direct and effective way to address ocean water pollution. It empowers individuals to take an eco-conscious stand, reduces plastic waste, and offers financial benefits. By embracing this simple change, we can collectively work towards a cleaner and healthier ocean.

Properly dispose of plastics and other trash

The improper disposal of plastics and other trash has led to harmful consequences for the environment, including ocean water pollution. Here are some detailed and instructive guidelines on how to properly dispose of these materials:

• Reduce Plastic Usage: The most effective way to address plastic waste is to minimise its use. Opt for reusable alternatives such as bags, bottles, and containers, and refrain from using single-use plastic items like bags, cutlery, and straws.
• Recycle: If you do use plastic, ensure that you recycle it. Familiarise yourself with your local recycling centre's accepted types of plastic. Before recycling, properly collect, sort, and rinse plastic containers, removing any labels.
• Reuse: Instead of discarding plastic containers, find ways to reuse them. For example, utilise them for storage or as planters for small plants. This simple practice reduces the amount of plastic that ends up in landfills or pollutes the oceans.
• Proper Disposal: If recycling is not an option, it is crucial to dispose of plastic responsibly. Avoid littering or throwing plastic into regular trash bins. Instead, utilise designated trash bins or take your plastic waste to a recycling centre.
• Biodegradable Plastics: When necessary, opt for compostable or biodegradable plastics. After use, send these plastics to your local composting programme or centre. Biodegradable plastics are designed to be broken down by microorganisms into natural substances like water and carbon dioxide.
• Community Cleanups: Participate in community cleanups to help collect plastic litter. This not only keeps your community clean but also prevents plastic from entering water bodies, thus protecting both wildlife and humans.
• Segregation: Segregate your waste at the source. Separate plastic waste from wet/liquid and organic waste. This makes it easier to hand over recyclable materials to ragpickers or recycling agencies. Proper segregation ensures that recyclable plastics are not carelessly disposed of and end up polluting water bodies.
• Education and Awareness: Educate yourself and others about the proper use and disposal of plastic. Spread awareness about plastic segregation and recycling best practices. Initiatives like Bisleri International Pvt. Ltd.'s "Bottles For Change" programme can inspire and create opportunities for effective waste management.

Remember, every small effort counts. By following these guidelines, you can positively impact the environment and contribute to better plastic waste management, reducing the amount of plastic that ends up in our oceans.

Reduce vehicle emissions

While ocean pollution has land-based origins, vehicles are a significant contributor to this issue. Motor vehicles are the largest source of air pollution in Washington State, for example. Vehicle emissions can cause ocean pollution as air pollution settles into waterways and oceans. Here are some ways to reduce vehicle emissions to mitigate ocean water pollution:

• Choose fuel-efficient vehicles: Opt for vehicles with low greenhouse gas emissions, such as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, or cleaner-burning gasoline vehicles. These vehicles can help the environment and potentially save you money on fuel costs.
• Maintain your vehicle: Regular maintenance and tune-ups ensure your vehicle runs as efficiently and cleanly as possible. Keep your vehicle in good repair, follow the manufacturer's maintenance schedule, and use the recommended motor oil.
• Optimise driving habits: Gradual acceleration, observing speed limits, and maintaining a steady speed reduce fuel consumption and emissions. Anticipate the road ahead to avoid frequent stops and starts.
• Reduce driving: Minimise the number of miles driven by walking, biking, carpooling, or using public transportation whenever possible. This not only reduces emissions but also saves money on fuel costs.
• Optimise deliveries: When getting home deliveries or shopping online, request minimal packaging and flexible delivery times to allow delivery trucks to optimise their routes and avoid unnecessary trips.
• Use efficient equipment: For lawn and gardening equipment, opt for electric or battery-powered machines instead of gas-powered engines, which emit significant pollutants.

Conserve water

Conserving water is a crucial step in reducing ocean water pollution. When we use less water, we prevent excess runoff and wastewater from flowing into the ocean, carrying with it pollutants and contaminants. Here are some ways to conserve water and, in turn, help protect our oceans:

Indoor Water Conservation:

• Fix any leaks, including leaky toilets. Even a small drip can waste multiple gallons of water a day.
• Install high-efficiency toilets, aerators on faucets, and water-efficient showerheads.
• Take shorter showers (aim for 5 minutes or less).
• Turn off the water when brushing your teeth or shaving.
• Only use dishwashers and washing machines with full loads.

Outdoor Water Conservation:

• Plant drought-tolerant or resistant plants and trees.
• Recycle indoor water or collect rainwater to use on plants.
• Refrain from watering your lawn or landscape during rainy weather or when it's windy.
• Replace water-intensive grass or turf with water-wise plants.
• Use a broom instead of a hose to clean outdoor surfaces.
• Water your lawn early in the morning when temperatures are cooler to prevent excessive evaporation.

By implementing these water conservation practices, we can significantly reduce the amount of water used, minimizing the impact of wastewater and runoff on our oceans.

Frequently asked questions