Kiera Jefferson
Air pollution is a pressing global issue, with only a handful of countries meeting safe air pollution levels. In 2023, just seven countries were found to have safe air, and in 2025, Thailand was ranked as the country with the cleanest air. While some nations consistently rank among the most polluted, such as India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, others are known for their clean air and strong environmental policies. This raises the question: which country has the best pollution policies, and what can we learn from them to improve global air quality?
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Countries with the best air pollution policies | Australia, Estonia, Finland, Grenada, Iceland, Mauritius, New Zealand, Puerto Rico, Bermuda, French Polynesia, and the Bahamas |
| Countries with the worst air pollution policies | Chad, Bangladesh, Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, India, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Lithuania, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Malta, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Poland, Cyprus, Slovenia, Italy, Moldova, Romania, Albania, Greece, Turkey, Serbia, and Montenegro |
| WHO's recommended limit of particulate matter (PM2.5) in the air | 10 micrograms per cubic meter |
| Countries with strong environmental policies and commitment to sustainability | Nordic countries, including Iceland, Finland, and Sweden |
| Countries with high levels of PM2.5 due to urbanization, industrial activity, and climate factors | South Asia and parts of Africa |
| Country with the cleanest air in Europe | Iceland |
| Country with the second cleanest air in Europe | Estonia |
| Country that showed the most progress in lowering PM2.5 levels in 2023 | Croatia |
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What You'll Learn
Environmental democracy and citizen engagement
While the top 10 countries on the EDI provide the public with a right to participate in significant national environmental decisions, public participation scored the lowest across the index. This highlights the need for greater citizen engagement in environmental policymaking. Additionally, while many countries have laws requiring agencies to monitor environmental compliance, there is a lack of transparency as 64% of these countries do not release information to the public on emissions or wastewater discharges, which can significantly impact human health and the environment.
The relationship between democracy and environmental quality is complex. Some argue that democracies set stricter environmental regulations and provide greater access to information and freedom of speech, allowing citizens to express their concerns and pressure governments to address environmental issues. However, critics point out that even democratic governments may prioritize short-term macroeconomic gains over long-term environmental commitments to maintain political power. Additionally, the distribution of democratic progress and representation can vary within a country, impacting the inclusion of all citizens in environmental decision-making.
Income and prosperity alone do not determine a country's commitment to environmental quality. Instead, the political and institutional frameworks play a more crucial role in driving environmental regulations. For example, Panama, Colombia, and South Africa, despite having limited resources or being upper-middle-income countries, have committed to enacting robust environmental laws. This demonstrates that political will and legal frameworks are essential in promoting environmental democracy and effective pollution policies.
In conclusion, environmental democracy and citizen engagement are vital components of successful pollution policies. While some countries, such as Lithuania, Latvia, and Russia, lead in providing legal avenues for public participation and access to information, there is still room for improvement in many nations. Strengthening environmental democracy requires not only strong laws but also their effective enforcement and a commitment to transparency and accountability. By empowering citizens to participate in environmental decision-making and holding governments accountable, countries can better address the global health catastrophe posed by pollution.
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Clean air policies
The Clean Air Act (United States)
The Clean Air Act (CAA) in the United States has been instrumental in reducing air pollution and safeguarding public health since its inception in 1970. The CAA authorizes the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to establish National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and regulate hazardous air pollutants. The Act has successfully lowered levels of common pollutants such as particles, ozone, lead, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. As a result, Americans breathe less polluted air, and the risks of premature death and serious health issues have decreased. The CAA also promotes the use of state-of-the-art emission control technologies in vehicles and industrial sources, contributing to cleaner air.
European Countries' Initiatives
Several European countries have implemented policies and shown progress in improving air quality. For instance, Croatia has made significant strides by increasing its use of renewable energy sources, with renewables comprising over 31% of its energy mix, surpassing the EU average. Additionally, Croatia has committed to phasing out coal by 2033, reducing methane emissions, and ending deforestation by 2030. Other European countries, including Sweden, Ireland, Norway, Portugal, and Denmark, have also improved their air quality, with many falling in the "green category" for pollution levels.
Success Stories from Down Under
Three countries from down under—Australia, New Zealand, and Grenada—are among the seven countries that met the safe guideline of five micrograms per cubic metre of air (µg/m3) or less. These countries have implemented various initiatives to reduce air pollution and protect their unique natural environments.
Overall, these examples demonstrate the importance of comprehensive clean air policies and the commitment to adopting cleaner technologies and energy sources. By sharing best practices and collaborating globally, we can hope to see more countries joining the list of success stories in the fight for cleaner air.
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Sustainable practices
Air pollution is a pressing global issue, with nearly every country exceeding safe levels of air pollution. In 2023, only seven countries met the safe guideline of 5 micrograms per cubic metre of air (µg/m3) or less. These countries were Australia, Estonia, Finland, Grenada, Iceland, Mauritius, and New Zealand. Additionally, Puerto Rico, Bermuda, and French Polynesia were also within safe levels.
Among these countries, some have stood out for their sustainable practices and commitment to clean energy investments, contributing to their success in maintaining good air quality. For example, Nordic countries like Iceland, Finland, and Sweden have consistently ranked among the least polluted countries globally due to their robust environmental policies and sustainability efforts.
Iceland, with the cleanest air in Europe, has a PM2.5 level of 4µg/m3, well below the recommended limit of 10 micrograms by the World Health Organization (WHO). This country has achieved such low pollution levels through its strong environmental policies and heavy investment in clean energy sources, such as geothermal power.
Finland, another Nordic country, has also demonstrated its commitment to sustainability. It has consistently ranked as one of the least polluted countries, with a PM2.5 level of 4.9µg/m3. Finland has focused on sustainable practices, including investing in renewable energy sources like wind and solar power, which has contributed to its success in maintaining clean air.
New Zealand, with a PM2.5 concentration of 4.3µg/m3, boasts excellent air quality. The country's temperate climate and commitment to sustainability play a significant role in keeping pollution levels low. New Zealand has actively transitioned to cleaner energy sources, with a particular focus on hydroelectric power, contributing to its impressive air quality.
These countries provide valuable models for sustainable practices and clean energy investments, offering lessons that can be applied globally to combat air pollution and improve public health outcomes.
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Clean energy investments
Denmark, a pioneer in renewable energy, installed the world's first offshore wind farm, and now generates 54% of its electricity from wind power alone. Croatia has also made significant strides, increasing its use of renewables to over 31% of its energy mix, well above the EU average of 23%. Additionally, Croatia has committed to phasing out coal by 2033, reducing methane emissions, and ending deforestation by 2030.
Spain, France, and Germany are leading the way in Europe, with Spain investing over $89 billion as of June 2023, primarily focused on energy affordability and low-carbon transport systems. France has committed almost $150 billion to energy affordability, with a significant portion dedicated to boosting energy efficiency in buildings and industry. Germany has invested over $339 billion, with a large portion addressing energy affordability, and smaller yet substantial investments in building and industrial efficiency, and clean transport development.
Outside of Europe, Uruguay has made impressive strides in wind energy development, increasing wind power generation from 1% in 2010 to 34% by 2018, cutting electricity production costs and creating a more secure energy future.
While the United States is not among the top clean energy investors, it has set ambitious goals, with the Biden administration targeting 100% carbon-free electricity by 2035.
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Public transport improvements
Public transportation is an essential aspect of a country's pollution policies. It not only reduces emissions but also offers safer, more affordable, and more environmentally friendly options for mobility. Here are some countries that have implemented successful public transport improvements:
Singapore
Singapore has earned recognition for having one of the best public transport systems globally. The country's extensive Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) network has been a pioneer in automation since 2003. Singapore currently operates six MRT lines spanning over 200 kilometers, providing comprehensive coverage of the island, including residential areas, commercial hubs, and tourist attractions. The MRT system is complemented by a well-integrated bus network that ensures seamless connectivity across the city. Bus services are frequent and reliable, with dedicated lanes during peak hours.
Hong Kong
Hong Kong's public transit system is characterized by its efficiency, affordability, and accessibility. Most residents live within a short distance of a station, contributing to one of the highest public transit ridership levels worldwide, with a modal split of 70%. Hong Kong's MTR is one of the most advanced and densely operated metro systems globally, facilitating 9.7 million passenger trips daily. The network seamlessly integrates with other forms of transport, including buses, trams, ferries, and the Airport Express, providing efficient transfer options.
Norway
Norway, specifically its capital Oslo, has been ranked highly for its public transport system. While the country has witnessed a significant increase in electric car sales, it also boasts an efficient public transport network. The Oslo Metro currently has five subway lines, and the city has among the highest costs for a one-way ticket. Norway has taken initiatives to promote electric vehicles by waiving import duties and car registration fees for these vehicles.
Japan
Japan is known for its highly efficient mass transit system, with Tokyo's urban rail network being the most comprehensive worldwide for suburban trains and subways. The city's transit network integrates seamlessly with buses, trams, and monorails, as well as Japan's national high-speed rail system, including the Shinkansen bullet trains. This integration ensures convenient travel within the city and across the country.
Other Examples
Paris, France, has also been recognized for its public transport options, including metro routes, rentable bikes, e-scooters, and electric vehicles. Additionally, countries like China and some developing nations like Kenya, Colombia, and the Philippines have invested in extensive rail and high-speed rail networks, contributing to a culture of public transit and helping to keep emissions relatively low.
These countries have demonstrated that investing in and improving public transportation infrastructure can lead to reduced emissions, better air quality, and more efficient and accessible mobility options for their residents.
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Frequently asked questions
According to the Environmental Democracy Index (EDI), the top three countries with the best pollution policies are Lithuania, Latvia, and Russia. These countries have strong national laws that promote transparency, accountability, and citizen engagement in environmental decision-making.
Effective pollution policies include those that promote clean energy and sustainable practices, such as investing in renewable energy sources and reducing reliance on coal and other fossil fuels. For example, Croatia has implemented policies to increase its use of renewables, phase out coal, and reduce methane emissions.
Pollution policies improve air quality by targeting the sources of air pollution, such as vehicle emissions, industrial activity, and crop burning. For instance, Thailand has achieved the cleanest air in 2025 through a combination of policy, technology, and public awareness, demonstrating that rapid development can coexist with clean air.
Countries with notable pollution challenges include those in South Asia, such as India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, which consistently rank among the most polluted countries due to high PM2.5 levels caused by urbanization, industrial activity, and climate factors. Nepal also faces significant air pollution due to high vehicle emissions and industrial activities, highlighting the need for stricter pollution control measures.
