Kiera Jefferson
Furniture is a staple in every home, but it may contain harmful chemicals that can negatively impact the air we breathe. These chemicals are released into the air through a process called off-gassing and can cause serious health issues, including cancer, asthma, and other chronic illnesses. One of the most prevalent chemicals found in furniture is formaldehyde, a known carcinogen commonly used in adhesives for composite wood products like particleboard, plywood, and MDF. Other toxic chemicals include phthalates, arsenic, chromium, PFAS, and VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) found in paints, stains, and varnishes. The good news is that consumers are becoming more aware of these dangers and are demanding safer, non-toxic furniture options. Certifications like GREENGUARD Gold ensure that furniture meets strict standards for low chemical emissions, empowering consumers to make healthier choices for themselves and their families.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Name | Formaldehyde |
| Other names | Methyl aldehyde |
| Odor | Strong industrial odor |
| State | Colorless gas |
| Health effects | Cancer, asthma, respiratory allergies, eye irritation |
| Sources | Resins, glues, paints, particleboard, plywood, MDF, leather, wrinkle-free sheets |
| Certifications | GREENGUARD Gold, BIFMA, Greenhealth Approved, GreenScreen |
| Avoid | Particleboard, scented products, "stain resistance" or "waterproofing" products |
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What You'll Learn
Formaldehyde in composite wood products
Formaldehyde is a colourless, flammable chemical with a strong smell. It is often used in resins and glues that bind composite wood products such as particleboard, plywood, and medium-density fiberboard (MDF). These composite wood products are commonly used in furniture, kitchen cabinets, flooring, and wooden children's toys.
Formaldehyde exposure can have negative short and long-term health effects. It can cause irritation of the skin, eyes, nose, and throat. Prolonged exposure to high levels of formaldehyde may also increase the risk of certain types of cancers. Poor indoor air quality caused by formaldehyde and other chemicals has been linked to infections, lung cancer, and chronic lung diseases such as asthma.
To address this issue, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has implemented the Formaldehyde Emission Standards for Composite Wood Products Act. This regulation aims to reduce harmful exposures to formaldehyde emitted from composite wood products. The final rule establishes a third-party certification program for laboratory testing and oversight of formaldehyde emissions from manufactured or imported composite wood products.
As a consumer, you can take steps to reduce your exposure to formaldehyde and improve indoor air quality. Buying used furniture is often better as off-gassing diminishes over time. You can also look for certified particleboard products or choose unscented options, as scented products may contain more chemicals. Additionally, you can seek out furniture makers that emphasize natural materials and safe finishes or purchase from stores specializing in eco-friendly and non-toxic furniture options.
It is worth noting that certifications like GREENGUARD Gold indicate that products have been independently tested for low chemical emissions, providing assurance of safer choices. By being mindful of these options, consumers can create healthier home environments and support more sustainable and responsible furniture manufacturing.
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Arsenic and chromium in leather
Arsenic is a chemical element that is found in leather and many other animal skins. Arsenic is a semi-metal that can cause skin lesions and damage the liver and hearing. Long-term exposure to arsenic is also believed to have a carcinogenic effect, including cancers of the skin, liver, prostate, and Kupffer cells.
Chromium is another lethal chemical used in the tanning process of leather. Chromium ions form polynuclear complexes, and when skins are immersed in a solution of basic chromium, an insoluble complex is formed. This process is known as chrome tanning and is the basis of tanning leather. Trivalent chromium compounds are commonly used for leather tanning, and chromium may be released during the use of leather goods. In certain instances, small amounts of hexavalent chromium can also be formed and released. Both trivalent and hexavalent chromium can elicit allergic skin reactions in chromium-sensitized subjects, with the latter being significantly more potent.
The presence of arsenic and chromium in leather has been the subject of several studies. One study aimed to determine the content of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, and zinc in extracts from leathers, artificial leathers, and textiles. The results showed that the permissible content of chromium in leather was exceeded, according to the STANDARD 100 by OEKO-TEX. Another study by the IARC Working Group evaluated the carcinogenic risks associated with arsenic, metals, fibres, and dusts, including those found in leather dust.
The use of arsenic and chromium in leather production poses potential health risks to consumers, especially those with pre-existing allergies or asthma. To mitigate these risks, it is important to purchase leather goods from reputable sources that adhere to safety standards and regulations, such as the STANDARD 100 by OEKO-TEX. Additionally, consumers can look for certifications on leather goods that indicate low chemical emissions, such as GREENGUARD Gold.
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Phthalates in plastics, tablecloths, floor tiles, upholstery, and carpets
Phthalates, also known as ortho-phthalates, are a group of industrial chemicals that have been widely used for nearly a century. They are commonly used to make plastics, especially polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or vinyl, more flexible. Phthalates are found in a wide range of products, from plastics to tablecloths, floor tiles, upholstery, and carpets.
Phthalates are not chemically bound to plastics, so they can migrate into indoor air and dust over time. This leads to human exposure through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact. Studies have found that phthalates are prevalent in fast food, with 70-80% of tested fast foods containing the chemical. Other food sources include dairy, meat, seafood, fruits, vegetables, and infant formula. Phthalates can also be found in cosmetics and personal care products, such as nail polish, perfume, shampoo, and lotion, leading to direct exposure.
The effects of phthalates on human health are still being studied, but laboratory research has linked exposure to reduced testosterone levels and male reproductive issues. Higher exposure to phthalates has been observed in women, particularly women of colour, possibly due to the use of cosmetics and personal care products containing phthalates.
To reduce exposure to phthalates, individuals can choose natural personal care items, avoid PVC vinyl flooring, opt for wooden toys or organic cotton instead of plastic toys, and eat less fast food. However, the only way to ensure comprehensive protection from phthalates is through policy changes at the government and corporate levels, promoting safer alternatives.
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PFAS in upholstery and wrinkle-free sheets
PFAS, or Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, are man-made chemicals that have been popular since the 1940s for their effectiveness as water-repellent, stain-resistant, and durable finishes. PFAS are used in upholstery textiles for sofas, chairs, and sectionals. PFAS work by reducing the surface tension on the textile so that liquids and oils bead up and can be easily wiped away.
PFAS have been found to have worrying effects on the environment and human health. Studies have shown that exposure to PFAS may lead to adverse health effects, such as hormonal disruption, immune system issues, and even cancer. As PFAS accumulates in the human body, long-term exposure may increase these health risks. Regulatory scrutiny and restrictions have been placed on their use, and many companies are committed to phasing out highly fluorinated chemicals.
PFAS are also used in the production of textiles to create wrinkle resistance. Sheets that are wrinkle-free, easy-care, soft finish, or no-iron likely contain PFAS. Over time, PFAS-treated textiles release PFAS into the laundry and then into the environment, polluting drinking water.
To avoid PFAS in upholstery, consumers can ask questions about what stain repellent chemicals are used in the fabric and request information on whether PFAS are present. PFAS includes C8, which is banned, and C6 and C4, which are still in use. The National Upholstery Association is working to improve education and awareness and to initiate change and sustainability initiatives for greener upholstery choices.
To avoid PFAS in sheets, consumers can stay away from brands that advertise their products as wrinkle-free or stain-resistant. Consumers can also look for certifications that ensure products are free from harmful chemicals, such as MADE SAFE or GOTS organic certification.
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Toxic finishes on wooden furniture
While wooden furniture may seem like a natural and safe option, it often contains hidden dangers in the form of toxic chemicals. These chemicals can be released into the air, causing indoor air pollution and potentially harming your health. One of the most prevalent toxic chemicals found in wooden furniture is formaldehyde, which is used in resins and glues that bind together pressed wood products such as particleboard, plywood, and MDF. Formaldehyde is a probable carcinogen and has been linked to an increased risk of cancer.
Other toxic finishes that may be present in wooden furniture include volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are carbon-based compounds found in paints, varnishes, stains, and other finishes. While not all VOCs are dangerous, many can cause gradual and chronic harm, especially those produced from man-made processes. These compounds evaporate easily at room temperature and can off-gas, affecting indoor air quality. Some VOCs have a strong odour, while others are undetectable by smell, making it difficult to determine their presence.
To create a healthier home environment, it is important to choose furniture with safer materials and finishes. Certifications like GREENGUARD Gold indicate that furniture has been independently tested and meets strict standards for low chemical emissions. Non-toxic furniture typically features solid wood, natural oils, and water-based adhesives, avoiding synthetic alternatives. For example, natural finishes such as hemp oil and beeswax can provide a water-resistant finish without the use of toxic chemicals.
When purchasing wooden furniture, it is essential to consider the potential presence of toxic chemicals and their impact on your health and the environment. By selecting certified and non-toxic options, you can reduce your exposure to harmful substances and create a safer and more sustainable home. Additionally, buying used furniture, choosing unscented products, and opting for natural materials can also help minimize your exposure to toxic finishes.
In summary, toxic finishes on wooden furniture can release chemicals into the air, posing health risks. By understanding these dangers and making informed choices, you can create a healthier and more sustainable living space for you and your family.
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Frequently asked questions
There are several chemicals found in furniture that create toxic air pollution, including formaldehyde, benzene, ethylene glycol, and phthalates. Formaldehyde is one of the most prevalent toxic chemicals found in furniture, often used in resins and glues that bind together pressed wood products like particleboard, plywood, and MDF.
Formaldehyde is a known human carcinogen, linked to an increased risk of cancer. It is a colourless gas with a pungent smell and can cause eye irritation, asthma, and respiratory allergies.
To reduce exposure to toxic chemicals in furniture, look for products with certifications like GREENGUARD Gold, which has strict standards for low chemical emissions. Avoid particleboard or pressed wood furniture, and opt for unscented products where possible. Buying used furniture can also help as off-gassing diminishes over time.
