Water Pollution's Deadliest Diseases: Understanding The Severe Risks

Water pollution is a severe issue that poses a significant threat to human health. Unsafe water is responsible for the deaths of more people annually than all forms of violence, including war. It is a breeding ground for various pathogens and diseases, with faecal contamination and insufficient wastewater treatment being the leading causes of bacterial infections. The most common waterborne illness is diarrhoea, which claims the lives of over two million people each year, particularly affecting children. Other diseases caused by water pollution include cholera, giardiasis, hepatitis A, typhoid fever, and Legionnaires' disease. In addition, water pollution can lead to parasitic infections, such as schistosomiasis, and viral infections like gastroenteritis. The impact of water pollution on human health is extensive, and the increasing global demand for freshwater underscores the urgency of addressing this issue.

Diarrhea, caused by bacteria and viruses

Diarrhea is a common illness caused by bacteria and viruses from contaminated water. It is often a result of poor water quality, with unsafe drinking water being a leading cause. Diarrhea is characterized by abdominal pains, fever, nausea, and headaches and can lead to dehydration and, in severe cases, even death, especially in vulnerable individuals such as young children.

Water pollution, caused by the contamination of water sources with harmful substances, creates a breeding ground for disease-causing pathogens. These pathogens can include bacteria, viruses, and parasites, which, when ingested through contaminated water, can lead to diarrhea and other waterborne illnesses.

Bacteria, such as E. coli and coliform bacteria, are commonly found in water sources that have been contaminated by fecal matter. These bacteria can originate from human and animal waste, aging sewer systems, and agricultural runoff. When present in drinking water, they can cause gastrointestinal issues, including diarrhea, as they are ingested and disrupt the natural balance of microorganisms in the gut.

Viruses, such as adenoviruses and rotaviruses, can also be transmitted through contaminated water. These viruses are highly contagious and can survive in water sources, especially when the water quality is poor. Ingesting these viruses can lead to infections that cause diarrhea and other symptoms such as vomiting and nausea.

To prevent diarrhea caused by waterborne pathogens, it is crucial to ensure access to clean drinking water and maintain proper sanitation practices. This includes treating wastewater effectively, regularly testing water sources for bacterial and viral contamination, and implementing measures to protect water sources from pollution. Additionally, practicing good hygiene, such as handwashing with clean water, can help reduce the risk of contracting diarrheal diseases.

Diarrhea caused by bacteria and viruses from water pollution is a significant health concern, particularly in areas with limited access to clean water and sanitation facilities. By addressing water pollution and improving water quality, the incidence of diarrhea and other waterborne illnesses can be effectively reduced.

Cholera, which affects the digestive tract

Cholera is a waterborne disease that affects the digestive tract, caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. It is spread through contaminated water and food, particularly in areas with poor sanitation and inadequate hygiene. The bacteria can also be found in brackish or coastal waters, as well as in shellfish, making it a concern for those who consume raw or contaminated shellfish.

Cholera causes a bacterial infection in the small intestine, leading to severe watery diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, and leg cramps. This rapid loss of fluids can result in dehydration, shock, and electrolyte imbalance, which can be life-threatening and even lead to renal failure. The elderly, young children, and individuals with low stomach acid or hypochlorhydria are at a higher risk of developing severe cholera symptoms.

The prevention and treatment of cholera focus on rehydration and sanitation. It is crucial to prioritize access to clean drinking water and adequate toileting facilities to prevent cholera outbreaks. During an outbreak, proper handwashing with soap and safe water, drinking treated water, and vaccination can help prevent the spread of the disease. Treatment for cholera patients includes the immediate replenishment of fluids, either orally or intravenously, to prevent dehydration and restore electrolyte balance.

Cholera is typically found in areas with limited access to clean water and sanitation, such as regions affected by natural disasters, poverty, or inadequate infrastructure. It is a significant concern in low-income communities located near polluting industries and in areas with insufficient wastewater treatment processes. Globally, an estimated 1.3 to 4 million people are affected by cholera each year, with a significant number of fatalities occurring due to the disease's rapid progression and the challenge of accessing treatment in underserved areas.

While cholera is rare in industrialized nations, travelers to regions with active cholera outbreaks are advised to take precautions. These include practicing safe food and water consumption, maintaining proper hygiene, and considering vaccination in high-risk areas. Early diagnosis and proper treatment of cholera can significantly improve patient outcomes, even in severe cases.

Encephalitis, spread by mosquitoes

Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain that is often caused by a viral infection. Arboviruses, a type of virus that is passed on to people and animals by insects like mosquitoes and ticks, can cause encephalitis. Mosquitoes that spread encephalitis lay their eggs in polluted water, and the risk of getting encephalitis is greatest from April through August when mosquitoes are most active.

In California, the three most important viruses that can cause mosquito-borne encephalitis are West Nile Virus (WNV), Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE), and St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE). These viruses are maintained in nature through a bird-mosquito-bird cycle, with mosquitoes transmitting the viruses by biting infected birds and then occasionally passing them to humans when they bite them instead of birds. Western Equine Encephalitis is more severe in infants, while St. Louis Encephalitis is most severe in the elderly.

The initial symptoms of encephalitis are often flu-like, including fever, headache, nausea, and vomiting, and they can last for 5 to 10 days. If the disease progresses, meningitis-like symptoms may occur, including a severe headache and stiff neck lasting 3 to 10 days. In about 1% of WEE infections, encephalitis will develop, which can be very severe and may require hospitalization. Symptoms of severe encephalitis include delirium, stupor, convulsions, coma, and death.

To prevent mosquito-borne encephalitis, it is important to reduce exposure to mosquitoes and their bites. This can be done by draining stagnant water, using mosquito repellent, and wearing protective clothing when outdoors during dawn and dusk when mosquitoes are most active. Additionally, community action in cleaning up yards and maintaining urban water features can help reduce mosquito populations.

Water pollution, caused by the contamination of water bodies with harmful substances such as chemicals and waste, poses a significant threat to human health. It provides breeding grounds for mosquitoes that spread diseases like encephalitis and increases the risk of waterborne illnesses.

Legionella, a predominant cause of hospitalizations

Unsafe water is a critical issue that affects the lives of billions of people worldwide. Water pollution, caused by the contamination of water sources with harmful substances, poses a significant threat to human health and well-being. Among the various diseases caused by water pollution, Legionella stands out as a predominant cause of hospitalizations.

Legionella is a type of bacterium commonly found in natural water sources such as lakes, rivers, and creeks, as well as artificial water systems like air conditioning cooling towers, hot tubs, and piped water. The Legionella pneumophila bacterium, in particular, is responsible for most cases of Legionnaires' disease, a severe form of pneumonia. This disease has an incubation period of 2 to 10 days, and in some outbreaks, it can even reach up to 16 days. While Legionella bacteria can survive in outdoor environments like soil and water, they can proliferate in human-made water systems, making them a significant concern for public health.

The primary mode of transmission of Legionella is through the inhalation of contaminated aerosols or microscopic water droplets produced by water sprays, jets, or mists from contaminated water sources. Additionally, infection can occur by aspirating contaminated water or ice, especially in vulnerable hospital patients, and during water births. People with weakened immune systems, chronic lung diseases, or other serious conditions are at a higher risk of developing Legionnaires' disease. Smokers and older adults are also more susceptible to this disease.

Legionnaires' disease can lead to severe health complications, including respiratory failure, shock, and multi-organ failure. It is believed to occur worldwide, with varying rates of detection due to differences in surveillance and reporting capabilities across countries. In regions like Europe, Australia, and the USA, the detection rate is approximately 10-15 cases per million population annually. However, the actual occurrence may be higher due to under-recognition and limited diagnostic methods in many countries.

The long-term health outcomes associated with Legionnaires' disease are a growing area of concern. Research suggests that patients hospitalized with Legionnaires' disease may experience frequent rehospitalizations and adverse health outcomes, including kidney injuries and acute renal failure. The potential for the Legionella infection to accelerate the progression of other conditions underscores the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. Prompt treatment with antibiotics is critical, especially for high-risk individuals, as it can help shorten the recovery period and prevent serious complications.

Schistosomiasis, caused by a parasitic worm

Schistosomiasis is a severe disease caused by water pollution. It is a parasitic infection caused by small worms that reside in certain snails in freshwater locations. These worms, known as blood flukes or trematodes, belong to the genus Schistosoma. The larval forms of these parasites are released by the snails and can penetrate human skin when people come into contact with infested water. This can occur during routine agricultural, domestic, occupational, or recreational activities such as swimming or fishing.

The parasite is found in freshwater lakes, rivers, and ponds in many parts of the world, including Africa, South America, Asia, and the Caribbean. It is particularly prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas, especially in poor and rural communities that lack access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. In 2021, it was estimated that at least 251.4 million people required preventive treatment for schistosomiasis, with more than 75.3 million people reported to have received treatment.

There are two main forms of schistosomiasis: intestinal and urogenital. Intestinal schistosomiasis is caused by the species Schistosoma japonicum and Schistosoma mansoni, and the parasite eggs are released in the faeces. On the other hand, urogenital schistosomiasis is caused by the species Schistosoma haematobium, and the parasite eggs are released in the urine. Schistosomiasis can damage internal organs and has been linked to bladder cancer.

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends preventive chemotherapy, particularly for school-aged children and other high-risk groups. The drug praziquantel is used for treatment and has been shown to be effective. However, a more comprehensive approach that includes improving access to potable water, promoting adequate sanitation practices, and controlling snail populations would also help reduce the transmission of schistosomiasis.

Frequently asked questions