Water Pollution: Washington's Environmental Crisis

Water pollution is a pressing issue in Washington, with diverse pollution threats such as warm water temperatures, low levels of dissolved oxygen, toxics, and bacteria affecting the state's vast network of rivers, lakes, and estuaries. The state's growing population exacerbates the problem, putting pressure on water resources and increasing pollution levels. Washington's water quality is further impacted by polluted stormwater runoff, which carries contaminants like oil, fertilizers, and pesticides into waterways, posing risks to both human health and the environment. The state has been criticized for lagging behind in water pollution oversight, with officials missing Clean Water Act deadlines. Climate change is also expected to exacerbate water shortages and increase the risk of waterborne diseases in the state.

Stormwater runoff

Washington's growing population exacerbates the problem of stormwater runoff. As the state develops, there is more land, leading to an increase in stormwater runoff and pollution in Washington's waters. Unmanaged stormwater runoff has severe consequences, including damage to salmon habitats, contributing to flooding and drought, contaminating swimming areas and drinking water supplies, and degrading water quality.

The Washington Department of Ecology estimates that stormwater runoff is responsible for one-third of the state's polluted waters. It has led to the closure of thousands of acres of productive shellfish-growing beaches and swimming beaches. It also harms or kills fish and other wildlife, as pollutants are transported to nearby storm drains and eventually to rivers and bays.

To address the issue of stormwater runoff, the Washington State Department of Ecology has implemented several measures. They issue permits under federal and state laws to control surface and groundwater pollution from runoff. These permits are required for the most populated cities, counties, industrial sites, construction sites, and many businesses. The department also provides guidance and technical assistance on complying with permit requirements and monitors the results to ensure the effectiveness of their efforts.

In addition to regulatory measures, the department provides funding for stormwater improvement projects and enforces penalties as a last resort when pollution limits in permits are not met. These penalty fines are directed towards the state's general fund or dedicated pollution prevention accounts.

Nonpoint source pollution

One significant contributor to nonpoint source pollution in Washington is agricultural practices. Fertilizers, pesticides, and manure from farms can contaminate nearby water bodies, leading to excessive nutrient levels and harmful algal blooms. To address this issue, the state has developed guidelines and provided educational resources for farmers. These include guides on efficient fertilizer application, such as "Phosphorus and Home Lawns: Quick Facts and Recommendations," and publications like "Fertilizing with Manure," which offers advice on managing nutrients from manure more sustainably.

Another critical aspect of nonpoint source pollution in Washington is stormwater runoff. As urban areas expand, the amount of hardened surfaces increases, leading to more significant volumes of stormwater runoff that can carry pollutants directly into nearby water bodies. This runoff can pick up oil, gas, fertilizers, waste, and other contaminants, posing a significant threat to water quality. To mitigate this problem, the state is assisting local governments in developing stormwater management programs and providing funding for implementing Low Impact Development (LID) techniques that reduce stormwater pollution.

Climate change further exacerbates the challenges associated with nonpoint source pollution in Washington. The state is projected to experience reduced snowpack, higher stream temperatures, and more frequent and intense rainstorms. These changes can increase the risk of flooding, contaminate water sources, and create conditions favorable for toxic algal blooms. As a result, addressing nonpoint source pollution becomes even more critical to safeguarding the state's water resources.

To address the complex issue of nonpoint source pollution, Washington is taking a multifaceted approach. In addition to providing educational resources and funding, the state is working closely with landowners to identify and address water pollution problems. Grants and loans are available to implement effective management practices that prevent pollution, and forest practices are being aligned with water quality standards. Moreover, the state is committed to protecting downstream users from the adverse effects of nonpoint source pollution through regulatory measures.

In conclusion, nonpoint source pollution is a significant and complex issue in Washington state. Solving this problem will require collective efforts, including changes in individual behavior, improved land management practices, and structural solutions. By working together and implementing a range of strategies, Washington aims to protect and restore the quality of its valuable water resources.

Toxic chemicals

Washington's water quality is affected by toxic chemicals from a variety of sources. One significant source is polluted stormwater runoff, which carries contaminants such as oil, gas, fertilizers, pesticides, and waste into waterways. This type of nonpoint source pollution is challenging to regulate and requires changes in behaviour and land management practices to address effectively.

The presence of toxic chemicals in Washington's waterways poses a significant risk to human health and the environment. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and mercury, for example, are known to cause cancer, reproductive issues, and other serious health problems. Despite being banned in the 1970s, PCBs persist in the environment and are still found in waste streams and manufacturing processes. Mercury, a neurotoxin that interferes with brain development, is also present in Washington's waters due to industrial operations and wastewater discharge.

The Clean Water Act, enacted in 1972, stipulates that toxic pollution must be controlled to ensure swimmable, fishable, and drinkable water resources for all. However, enforcement of pollution levels and waterway cleanup decisions have been based on weak and outdated standards, falling short of adequately protecting Washington residents. The Act requires states to maintain a list of water bodies that do not meet federal standards, but Washington has fallen behind in updating its list, potentially impacting the cleanup of waterways and the water quality of Puget Sound.

The Washington State Department of Ecology is responsible for submitting the list of impaired waters and has missed several deadlines. The complexity of Washington's water bodies and the amount of data collected by various agencies have been cited as reasons for the delays. However, the consequences of these delays can be significant, affecting not only human health but also the state's diverse ecosystems and wildlife, including threatened salmon species.

To address the issue of toxic chemicals in Washington's waters, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has proposed stricter limits for 72 different pollutants, taking into account the high consumption of fish and shellfish in the state. The EPA's rule aims to protect the health of Washingtonians and Tribal members who rely on locally caught seafood. By reinstating protective standards, the EPA is taking action to ensure safe and accessible water resources for all.

Waterborne diseases

Washington, with its vast network of rivers, streams, lakes, and estuaries, is susceptible to water pollution, which can have detrimental effects on public health. The state has faced challenges in meeting water quality standards and addressing water pollution. Here are some key considerations regarding waterborne diseases in Washington:

• Waterborne Disease Outbreaks: Washington experiences waterborne disease outbreaks, with 0 to 3 outbreaks reported annually, affecting anywhere from a few to hundreds of cases. Common infectious agents responsible for these outbreaks include norovirus, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium.
• Impact on Public Health: Waterborne diseases can have significant health consequences for Washington residents. The pathogens present in contaminated water can lead to illnesses with varying symptoms, including diarrhea, vomiting, skin problems, ear infections, respiratory issues, and eye problems.
• Sources of Contamination: Washington's water quality is threatened by various sources of pollution. One significant contributor is polluted stormwater runoff, which carries contaminants such as oil, fertilizers, pesticides, soil, trash, and animal waste into water bodies. This untreated stormwater can make water unsafe for human consumption and harmful to aquatic life.
• Clean Water Act Compliance: Washington has faced criticism for lagging in its obligation to update its list of polluted waters under the Clean Water Act. The delay in submitting the "impaired waters" list can impact the timely cleanup of waterways and affect the water quality of Puget Sound, endangering the health of threatened salmon species.
• Toxic Contamination: Washington's waterways are contaminated with toxic chemicals, including PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) and mercury. These toxins are known to cause cancer, reproductive issues, and neurological damage. Despite bans and regulations, these toxic chemicals persist in waste streams and industrial operations, posing a significant risk to public health.
• Prevention and Management: To address waterborne diseases, Washington has implemented various measures, including water quality permitting, water quality improvement projects, and clean water financial assistance. The state also works with citizens, businesses, tribes, and environmental groups to reduce, prevent, and eliminate water pollution.

Climate change

Changes in Snowpack and Streamflows

According to the University of Washington Climate Impacts Group, Washington is expected to experience a decrease in snowpack levels, which will directly impact water availability. Historically, snowmelt occurred in late June, but now it can happen as early as the end of May. This reduction in snowpack will lead to earlier spring runoff and changes in water flow volumes, with greater volumes in winter rivers and less water during the driest summer months. These changes will have economic and ecological repercussions, particularly in hydropower output, municipal water supply, and fish migration.

Increased Water Shortages and Droughts

The combination of declining snowpack and rising temperatures will result in more frequent summer water shortages in certain basins across Washington. This will impact not only human communities but also natural habitats, including forests, farms, and wildlife. Competing demands for water among various sectors will intensify, and changes in temperature and weather patterns will affect the seasonal availability of water supplies.

Flooding and Waterborne Diseases

The frequency of heavier and more intense rainstorms is expected to increase due to climate change, leading to a higher risk of flooding in many areas of Washington. Flood waters can contaminate wells and water treatment plants, causing short-term outages and an increased risk of waterborne diseases. Higher temperatures and changing precipitation patterns can also contribute to the growth of harmful algae blooms in lakes, posing health risks to people and pets who swim in them.

Impact on Natural Habitats and Wildlife

Impact on Agriculture and Industries

Agriculture in Washington, particularly in dry regions like the Yakima River Basin, will be significantly impacted by water shortages and changes in precipitation patterns. Reduced water availability for irrigation will lead to economic losses and affect crop production. Industries that rely on water, such as hydropower, will also be affected by changes in water flow and availability. Washington's hydropower resources currently supply two-thirds of the state's electricity, and these resources are vulnerable to the effects of climate change.

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