Trains: Reducing Pollution And Saving The Planet?

Trains are a more environmentally friendly mode of transport than cars and planes. However, the rail system in the US is causing climate change and environmental injustice. Freight trains, which make up the majority of trains, are poorly regulated and run on diesel, contributing to toxic pollution and climate change. On the other hand, electric-powered trains can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Trains vs. planes: which is greener?

It is often assumed that travelling by train is a more environmentally friendly option than flying. This is true in many cases, but it is not always the case.

Train travel

Train travel is generally considered to be a more environmentally friendly option than flying. This is because trains, especially electric trains, have a smaller climate footprint than planes, which burn a lot of fuel and release planet-warming emissions. However, in the US, the majority of trains are powered by diesel, which emits more carbon than electric trains.

Plane travel

Plane travel contributes about 2% of the world's global carbon emissions, according to the International Air Transport Association (IATA). An economy-class return flight from London to New York emits an estimated 0.67 tonnes of CO2 per passenger. This is equivalent to 11% of the average annual emissions for someone in the UK.

Factors affecting emissions

The margin between train and plane emissions varies depending on several factors, including the type of train, the source of electricity, and how full the train is. For example, diesel trains' carbon emissions can be twice those of electric trains, and a peak-time commuter train will have much lower emissions per person than a late-night rural one.

Additionally, the increased warming effect of non-CO2 emissions, such as nitrogen oxides, when released at high altitudes by planes, can also make a significant difference to emissions calculations.

Freight trains

While passenger trains are often thought of as a more climate-smart form of transportation, it is important to note that freight trains, which make up the majority of trains in the US, are not subject to the same electrification efforts as passenger rail, cars, and trucks. These freight trains run on diesel, which accelerates climate change and emits toxic pollutants.

So, while train travel is often a more environmentally friendly option than plane travel, it is not always the case. The environmental impact of train travel depends on various factors, such as the type of train, the source of electricity, and how full the train is. Additionally, the impact of plane travel is made worse by the release of non-CO2 emissions at high altitudes.

Trains vs. cars: which is greener?

Transportation is one of the fastest-growing contributors to climate change, accounting for a quarter of energy-related carbon dioxide emissions. The good news is that there are greener alternatives to cars, with electric trains being one of the most environmentally friendly forms of transport.

The case for trains

Rail transport is one of the most energy-efficient modes of travel. Greenhouse gas emissions per passenger kilometre for rail transport are up to five times less than those of car transport. Electric trains, such as the Pendolino, emit as little as 50 grams of CO2 per passenger. In addition, trains can move a far greater number of people than cars, reducing the number of vehicles on the road and therefore their emissions.

The case for cars

However, the carbon footprint of train travel depends on several factors, including the type of train, the class of travel, and the number of passengers. For example, travelling first class can double your carbon footprint, as there are typically half the number of seats in a first-class carriage. In addition, if you are travelling in a fully occupied low-emissions or electric vehicle, your emissions per person will be lower than if you were travelling by train.

The verdict

While trains are often a greener alternative to cars, this is not always the case. The carbon footprint of your journey will depend on a variety of factors, including the type of vehicle, the number of passengers, and the class of travel. However, trains are still a better choice for the environment, as they are more energy-efficient, emit less greenhouse gas, and can move a larger number of people. In addition, choosing to travel by train demonstrates a public need for this infrastructure, pushing for greater investment in these services and encouraging the development of greener technologies.

Trains vs. buses: which is greener?

When it comes to choosing the greenest way to travel, trains and buses are often the most sustainable options available. However, it can be tricky to determine which of these two modes of transport is the most environmentally friendly. Various factors come into play, and the answer may depend on the specific context and location. Here's an in-depth look at the debate surrounding trains versus buses and their environmental impact.

Energy Efficiency and Emissions

One of the key advantages of rail transport is its energy efficiency. Trains are widely recognised as one of the most energy-efficient modes of transportation. According to the Australian Rail Association, rail transport accounts for only 2.6% of Australia's transport greenhouse gas emissions, which is significantly lower compared to other forms of transport. Similarly, a study by the University of California-Berkeley found that trains produce less than half the greenhouse gas emissions and particulate matter per passenger mile compared to cars. This is especially true when trains are at full capacity, as the emissions per passenger can be significantly reduced.

On the other hand, buses also have their advantages. During peak hours, when buses are likely to be full, they can be even greener than trains in terms of greenhouse gas emissions per passenger mile. However, during off-peak hours, when buses have fewer passengers, their environmental performance suffers.

Infrastructure and Capacity

The infrastructure required for trains and buses also plays a role in their environmental impact. Building and maintaining rail infrastructure can be a highly carbon-intensive process. The construction of rail lines, stations, and the manufacturing of trains all contribute to the overall carbon footprint. In contrast, buses utilise existing road infrastructure, which reduces the relative environmental cost of choosing bus transportation.

Additionally, the capacity of trains versus buses is a critical factor. Trains can carry a much larger number of passengers compared to buses. A single train can move up to 50,000 people per hour, while a freeway lane can only accommodate a fraction of that. Therefore, trains have the potential to take a significant number of cars off the road, reducing overall emissions and congestion.

Fuel Source

The fuel source used by trains and buses also differentiates their environmental impact. Trains are often associated with electricity, while buses typically run on diesel fuel. In regions where electricity is generated through renewable or low-carbon sources, such as hydro and nuclear power, trains may have a stronger environmental advantage. On the other hand, diesel-powered buses or trains can contribute to local air pollution and enhanced greenhouse gas emissions.

So, which is greener, trains or buses? The answer is complex and depends on various factors. Both modes of transport have their advantages and disadvantages in terms of environmental impact. Ultimately, the greenest option may depend on specific contexts such as passenger demand, existing infrastructure, and fuel sources. Encouraging the use of public transportation, be it trains or buses, can help reduce the number of private vehicles on the road, benefiting the environment and leading to cleaner and healthier communities.

Freight trains: the impact of cargo capacity on emissions

The transportation sector is a key area of focus in the fight against climate change, as it is one of the largest contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Freight transportation, in particular, makes up 8% of global greenhouse gas emissions, and this figure rises to 11% when warehouses and ports are included. With the global demand for freight projected to triple by 2050, freight's greenhouse gas emissions are set to double, making it the highest-emitting sector.

Trains are considered a more environmentally responsible method of shipping compared to other modes of transport such as trucks and planes. One train can carry the freight of hundreds of trucks, reducing highway congestion and GHG emissions. Trains are also more fuel-efficient than trucks, being able to move one ton of freight more than 400 miles per gallon of fuel, which is 3-4 times more than trucks. As a result, moving freight by train instead of truck reduces GHG emissions by up to 75%.

The impact of cargo capacity on emissions is evident when comparing trains to trucks. Trains have a much larger cargo capacity than trucks, and can therefore move a larger amount of freight with lower emissions. This is because the emissions per unit of freight transported are lower for trains than for trucks. According to a study by Fraunhofer ISI and CE Delft, emissions for freight transported by rail are very low compared to those for freight transported by heavy goods vehicles (HGVs).

However, it is important to note that the rail industry still has room for improvement in reducing its emissions. Old, polluting locomotives that have been "remanufactured" to keep them running continue to cause significant pollution and health issues for communities near railyards and ports. Additionally, the Association of American Railroads has been resistant to implementing more stringent environmental regulations, instead choosing to sue states like California that have passed rules to fund cleaner locomotives and reduce rail pollution.

To address these issues, governments and rail companies need to work together to prioritize the use of newer, more fuel-efficient locomotives, and to develop strategies that reduce emissions and improve fuel efficiency. For example, the U.S. government's Bipartisan Infrastructure Law includes provisions to fund the purchase of cleaner locomotives and expand America's passenger rail network. Additionally, rail companies can invest in low-carbon fuels, alternative energy sources, and modern locomotive technology to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions.

The future of train travel: innovations for sustainability

The future of train travel is closely tied to sustainability and reducing pollution. Trains are recognised as an environmentally friendly mode of transport worldwide, and greater use of trains can significantly reduce pollution. Here are some key innovations and initiatives that are shaping the future of train travel, with a focus on sustainability:

Decarbonisation and Sustainable Energy

The Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL) in the US, passed in November 2021, includes provisions to fund the purchase of cleaner locomotives and expand America's passenger rail network. This push for decarbonisation and the use of sustainable energy sources is a crucial aspect of making train travel more sustainable.

Locomotive Replacement Initiative (LRI)

The FRA's Locomotive Replacement Initiative aims to encourage railroads to replace older, high-polluting, and less fuel-efficient locomotives with newer low- and zero-emission alternatives. This initiative is a significant step towards reducing pollution and improving air quality.

Technology Innovation for Energy-Efficient Railyards (TIEER)

The TIEER initiative focuses on developing criteria to reduce hazardous air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions from equipment used in railyards. By prioritising railyards that impact disadvantaged communities, this initiative addresses environmental justice concerns and promotes more sustainable rail operations.

Regenerative Braking

Some newer trains are now equipped with regenerative braking capability, where the traction motors act as generators when braking, saving electricity and improving energy efficiency. This technology not only reduces energy consumption but also contributes to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly rail system.

Informal Transport Systems

In many regions, privately run "informal transport" systems are the primary mode of transport for locals. Integrating and improving these systems can play a vital role in increasing access to public transport and reducing reliance on private vehicles, especially in lower-income regions like sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America.

Bus Electrification

While metro and light rail transit systems are often electrified, buses still predominantly run on diesel or other fossil fuels. Accelerating the transition to electric or fuel cell buses is crucial to reducing emissions and air pollution, especially in urban areas. Innovative financing strategies, such as blended financing models and public-private partnerships, can help overcome the high upfront costs of this transition.

International Collaboration and Knowledge Sharing

International collaboration and knowledge sharing are vital to advancing sustainable train travel. Events like the International Workshop on Rail Decarbonization bring together experts from around the world to discuss decarbonisation technologies and strategies. By sharing best practices and innovations, countries can learn from each other and accelerate the adoption of sustainable practices globally.

Policy and Regulatory Support

Strong policies and regulations are essential to drive the transition to more sustainable train travel. For example, the EPA's recent revision of its locomotive preemption rule in the US gave states and local governments more clarity and authority to regulate pollution from locomotives, empowering them to take action against polluting freight trains.

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