Brian Barton
Plants are often referred to as the lungs of an ecosystem as they absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen through photosynthesis, improving air quality. They also passively absorb pollutants on the external surfaces of leaves and on the plant root-soil system. Some plants, called hyperaccumulators, absorb high levels of pollutants without being poisoned themselves. These plants can absorb toxins such as formaldehyde, benzene, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen dioxide. NASA research has shown that 15-18 plants in 6-8 inch pots can cleanse the air in an 1800 square foot home. However, little research has been done to understand the effects of different plant species on indoor air quality. Further research is needed to identify the highest-performing plant species and their characteristics, including leaf shape and size, anatomy, and physiology.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| How plants improve air quality | Absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen through photosynthesis |
| Increase humidity by transpiring water vapour through microscopic leaf pores | |
| Passively absorb pollutants on the external surfaces of leaves and on the plant root-soil system | |
| Act as an ecosystem's "liver", filtering atmospheric pollutants like sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide through their leaves | |
| Reduce air pollution by creating a barrier between a garden and a busy road | |
| Trap particulate pollution such as smoke with small leaves | |
| Trap air pollution particles and assist in other ecosystem services such as flood mitigation | |
| Dispersion: concentrated clouds of minuscule particles get dispersed and diluted by the air when they crash into trees and plants, decreasing the risk of inhalation by humans | |
| Deposition: particulate matter gets trapped in the waxy, hairy leaves of trees and shrubs and is washed away by rain | |
| Large canopies and larger leaves can trap more particles than smaller ones | |
| Leaves with rough, rugged, and hairy surfaces act as the "best filters" for particulate matter | |
| Pollutants | Formaldehyde, benzene, carbon monoxide, tetrachloroethylene, xylene, toluene, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, perchloroethylene, vinyl chloride, petroleum, radioactive contaminants, heavy metals, trichloroethylene, by-products |
| Plants that absorb pollutants | Areca palm, Lady Palm, Gerbera daisies, Indian mustard, Scheffleras, Peace lilies, Weeping fig trees, Spiky red-edged dracaena, Dwarf date palm, Monterey pine, Dwarf Mugo pine, Eastern redbud tree, Florist's chrysanthemums, Conifers, Cotoneaster, London plane trees |
| Number of plants required | 15 to 18 plants in 6- to 8-inch pots cleanse the air in an 1,800-square-foot home |
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What You'll Learn
The best plants for the job
Indoor Air Pollution
Common indoor air pollutants include formaldehyde, benzene, carbon monoxide, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Houseplants can effectively remove these toxins from the air and improve indoor air quality. Dr. Wolverton's study on the interaction between plants and air found that the Areca palm, also known as the Butterfly Palm, is an excellent choice for indoor spaces. It not only removes toxins but also emits large amounts of water vapour, which can be beneficial in dry environments. The Lady Palm is another durable and adaptable option that is very resistant to insect infestations.
Outdoor Air Pollution
Trees play a vital role in reducing outdoor air pollution, particularly in urban areas. They act as the "lungs" of an ecosystem by absorbing carbon dioxide and emitting oxygen. Some tree species are more effective at filtering pollutants than others. For example, conifers and Cotoneaster have small leaves that are good for trapping particulate pollution such as smoke. The Eastern Redbud tree (Cercis canadensis) is also notable for its ability to absorb perchloroethylene and vinyl chloride, making it especially petroleum-tolerant.
Soil and Water Pollution
Certain plants, known as hyperaccumulators, are capable of absorbing high levels of pollutants from soil or water without being poisoned themselves. These plants can take up toxins such as heavy metals, radioactive contaminants, and petroleum products. Examples of hyperaccumulators include Indian mustard (Brassica juncea), peace lilies (Spathiphyllum wallisii), and Gerbera daisies (Gerbera jamesonii).
While plants can be a natural and cost-effective way to improve air quality, it is important to note that research on the specific effects of different plant species is still ongoing. Additionally, some plant microbiomes can trigger allergies and lung inflammation, so it is essential to be mindful of potential negative impacts on human health.
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How plants absorb pollution
Plants are often referred to as the "lungs" of an ecosystem because they absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen through the process of photosynthesis. They also act as the "liver" of an ecosystem, filtering atmospheric pollutants like sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide through their leaves.
Trees are particularly effective at removing particulate matter (PM), which comes in the form of tiny particles of organic chemicals, acids, metals, and dust emitted from fossil-fuel-burning vehicles, factories, and construction sites. The largest of these particles are known as PM10s, measuring up to 10 micrometers across, while PM2.5s measure 2.5 micrometres across, and even smaller nanoparticle pollution exists. Conifers, as an evergreen species, offer the best PM reduction. Additionally, when clouds of minuscule particles crash into trees and plants, they become dispersed and diluted by the air, reducing the risk of human inhalation.
Plants can also passively absorb pollutants on the external surfaces of leaves and through their root-soil systems. For example, sunflowers have been used to absorb radiation at the site of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, while mustard greens can absorb lead and willow trees can store heavy metals in their roots. Poplars can absorb a lot of water and, in doing so, take in hydrocarbons from petrochemical pollution. Alpine pennycress can absorb several heavy metals when the soil pH is adjusted to be more acidic, and aquatic plants like water ferns and water hyacinth can remove heavy metals from the soil.
Some indoor plants are also effective at removing toxins from the air, such as formaldehyde, benzene, and carbon monoxide. The Areca palm, for instance, emits large amounts of water vapour and is tolerant of most indoor environments. The Lady Palm is another durable palm species that adapts well to most interiors, though it grows slowly. These plants are typically selected for their aesthetic value and low-maintenance requirements rather than their air-purifying abilities. However, little research has been done to quantify the effects of different plant species on indoor air quality, and further research is needed to identify the characteristics of the highest-performing plant species for indoor environments.
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Plants as the ecosystem's 'lungs'
Plants are often referred to as the "lungs" of an ecosystem because they absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen through photosynthesis. They also increase humidity by transpiring water vapour through microscopic leaf pores. Additionally, plants can passively absorb pollutants on the external surfaces of leaves and on the plant root-soil system.
According to a report by the World Health Organization, 4.3 million people worldwide die due to poor air quality inside their homes. This highlights the importance of improving indoor air quality, which can be achieved through the strategic placement of plants. For example, the Areca palm emits large amounts of water vapour, making it ideal for locations with dry air. Similarly, the Lady Palm is a durable palm species that adapts well to most interiors, offering both aesthetic appeal and air-purifying benefits.
While plants are commonly chosen for their decorative value and low maintenance, their ability to purify the air should not be overlooked. NASA research scientists revealed that common houseplants efficiently absorb pollution, even under low-light conditions. This is particularly relevant in energy-efficient buildings, where toxic gases can accumulate due to limited ventilation.
To maximize the air-purifying benefits of plants, it is essential to select the right plant species and understand their characteristics, such as leaf shape, size, and physiology. For instance, the University of Minnesota cites NASA's finding that 15 to 18 plants in 6- to 8-inch pots can cleanse the air in an 1,800-square-foot home. Hyperaccumulating plants, such as peace lilies and dwarf date palms, are especially effective at absorbing toxins like benzene and formaldehyde.
In addition to their role as the "lungs" of an ecosystem, plants also act as its "liver," filtering atmospheric pollutants like sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide through their leaves. Trees, in particular, are effective at removing particulate matter, trapping pollutants in their waxy, hairy leaves, and reducing the risk of human inhalation. Therefore, plants and trees are invaluable tools in combating air pollution, both indoors and outdoors, and can play a vital role in creating healthier living spaces.
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The impact of plant appearance
Plants are often chosen for their aesthetic appeal and ease of maintenance, rather than their air-purifying abilities. However, the appearance of a plant can have a significant impact on its ability to absorb pollution and improve air quality.
The morphology of a plant, including the shape and size of its leaves, can influence its capacity for air purification. For example, plants with larger leaves, such as the Areca palm, provide more surface area for the absorption of pollutants and the release of water vapour. The Areca palm is an effective air-purifying plant, capable of removing toxins like formaldehyde, benzene, and carbon monoxide from the air. Its upright, vase-like shape and delicate, fast-growing fronds also make it an attractive addition to indoor spaces.
The Lady Palm, another durable and adaptable palm species, showcases how the structure and arrangement of leaves can impact air purification. Its broad clumps of leaves can reach a diameter of over 14 feet, providing an extensive surface area for absorbing pollutants and increasing humidity.
In addition to leaf characteristics, the overall size and growth rate of a plant can influence its air-purifying potential. Taller plants with more extensive root systems may have a greater capacity to absorb toxins through their roots and soil systems. Similarly, fast-growing plants like the Areca palm can quickly recover from the stress of air pollution, maintaining their air-purifying functions.
While the specific contributions of different plant species to air purification require further research, it is clear that the physical characteristics of plants, including their height, leaf morphology, and growth rate, play a significant role in their ability to absorb pollution and enhance indoor air quality. By selecting plants with optimal characteristics and combining them with smart-sensor-controlled air-cleaning technologies, we can create healthier and more sustainable indoor environments.
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The importance of outdoor plants
Outdoor plants are an essential component of any landscape, offering a range of benefits that enhance our lives and well-being. Firstly, they play a crucial role in purifying the air we breathe. Through the process of photosynthesis, plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, improving air quality. This is especially important in combating indoor air pollution, which, according to the World Health Organization, contributes to the premature deaths of 4.3 million people worldwide annually.
Outdoor plants also act as natural air purifiers, absorbing gaseous pollutants such as ozone, nitrogen oxides, and sulphur dioxides. Additionally, their leaves collect dust, ash, pollen, and other particulate matter, further reducing pollutants in the air. This not only improves overall air quality but also helps to reduce the negative health impacts associated with poor air quality, such as respiratory issues and allergies.
The presence of outdoor plants can also positively impact our mental health and well-being. Studies have shown that being around nature, including outdoor plants, triggers responses in our neural pathways, enhancing our sense of vitality and improving our moods and energy levels. The simple act of walking in a park or working in a garden surrounded by greenery can promote feelings of calmness and happiness.
Furthermore, outdoor plants contribute to noise reduction in urban environments. The leaves of plants absorb, diffract, and reflect sound waves, creating a more peaceful atmosphere. This can help mitigate the negative effects of constant background noise from traffic, construction, and other urban sources, reducing mental fatigue and improving overall mental clarity and focus.
In addition to their ecological and health benefits, outdoor plants can also enhance the aesthetic appeal of any space. The vibrant foliage of plants, with their assortment of colours, shapes, and textures, adds visual interest and beauty to any landscape or garden. This not only improves our sense of satisfaction with our surroundings but can also increase the value of a home or property.
Overall, outdoor plants are incredibly important for their ability to purify the air, enhance our mental well-being, reduce noise pollution, and provide aesthetic value to our surroundings. By incorporating a variety of outdoor plants into our lives, we can create healthier, more peaceful, and more beautiful environments for ourselves and our communities.
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Frequently asked questions
Plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen through photosynthesis, increasing humidity by transpiring water vapour through microscopic leaf pores. They can also passively absorb pollutants on the external surfaces of leaves and on the plant root-soil system.
Gerbera daisies, peace lilies, weeping fig trees, and dracaena are all examples of plants that absorb pollutants such as benzene and formaldehyde. The Areca palm is another example of an effective air-purifying plant, emitting large amounts of water vapour and tolerating most indoor environments. The Lady Palm is also a durable palm species that adapts well to most interiors.
According to NASA scientists, 15 to 18 plants in 6- to 8-inch pots are needed to cleanse the air in an 1,800-square-foot home. However, it is important to note that the specific characteristics of the plant species, such as leaf shape, size, and physiology, also play a role in their ability to purify the air.
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