Aberdeen's Air Pollution: What's The Main Issue?

Aberdeen, South Dakota's air quality is generally good, with an Air Quality Index (AQI) score of 39 as of February 9, 2025. However, the city has experienced periods of elevated pollution, with sensitive groups advised to reduce outdoor activities during these times. The main air pollutant in Aberdeen is PM2.5, with concentrations exceeding the World Health Organization's annual guideline value. Other pollutants monitored include PM10, carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ground-level ozone (O3). The sources of these pollutants include fuel combustion, burning activities, transportation, industrial processes, and natural factors like high winds and dry soil conditions. Overall, Aberdeen's air pollution levels are relatively well-managed, and the city ranks higher than other South Dakota cities like Watertown and Brookings in terms of air quality.

Particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10)

Particulate matter is a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air. Some particles are large enough to be seen by the naked eye, while others are so small they can only be detected using an electron microscope. Particulate matter is categorised according to its size in microns (µm). PM10 refers to particles with a diameter of 10 microns or less, while PM2.5 refers to particles with a diameter of 2.5 microns or less.

PM2.5 concentrations in Aberdeen, South Dakota, are currently 1.2 times the World Health Organization's annual guideline value. Sources of this type of pollution include fuel combustion and burning activities. Monitoring goals include collecting data in population centres, assessing long-range transport from other states, determining background concentrations, measuring the success of pollution prevention programs, and responding to air quality complaints from the public.

PM10 samplers collect data on particulate matter pollution of 10 microns or smaller in size (coarse dust). Sources of PM10 include larger particle sizes from roads, construction projects, and farm tillage, as well as fine particulate matter pollution. Aberdeen has recorded PM10 concentrations exceeding the national standard due to high winds and dry soil conditions.

Aberdeen's overall air quality index is 13, with a PM2.5 AQI of 13 and a PM10 AQI of 5. It is worth noting that Aberdeen's PM2.5 concentration is higher than the World Health Organization's guideline value, which could have implications for the health of the city's residents. However, the overall air quality index is still considered good, and it is likely that the city is taking steps to mitigate the effects of particulate matter pollution and improve air quality.

Nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen oxides

Nitrogen oxides are formed when fuel is burned at high temperatures. The two major sources of nitrogen oxide emissions are transportation and stationary fuel combustion sources, such as vehicles, electric utilities, and industrial boilers. While the potential for high concentrations of nitrogen oxide in South Dakota is considered low due to the type and size of the industries in the state, the gas is still monitored in certain cities, including Sioux Falls and Rapid City.

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is one of several nitrogen oxides (NOx). NO2 is a major air pollutant that is produced from the combustion of fossil fuels like coal, oil, gas, and diesel. It is also produced from grass and wood burning. NO2 is a harmful pollutant that can have serious effects on human health, particularly the respiratory system. It can cause inflammation of the airways, reduced immune function, and respiratory infections. It is particularly harmful to children, whose lungs are still developing, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions such as asthma.

NO2 is a significant contributor to the formation of ground-level ozone (smog), which is a major issue in South Dakota. Ground-level ozone is formed when NOx reacts with volatile organic compounds in the presence of sunlight. This ozone can cause a number of health issues, including chest pain, coughing, throat irritation, and congestion. It can also worsen bronchitis and emphysema and increase the risk of heart attacks and other cardiovascular events.

Aberdeen, South Dakota's air quality index is 13, with an N/A rating specifically for NO2. While this indicates that NO2 is not a major issue in Aberdeen, it is still important to monitor and control NO2 emissions to protect public health and the environment.

To address the problem of nitrogen dioxide pollution, a number of strategies can be implemented. These include reducing emissions from vehicles, such as through the use of electric or hybrid cars, improving fuel efficiency, and implementing stricter emission standards for vehicles and industrial sources. Additionally, the use of alternative fuels, such as natural gas or renewable sources, can help reduce NO2 emissions. Proper maintenance of vehicles and industrial equipment is also important to ensure that emissions are minimised.

Sulfur dioxide

The potential for high concentrations of sulfur dioxide in South Dakota is considered low due to the type and size of the industries located in the state. However, Aberdeen, South Dakota, has been found to have sulfur dioxide in its air. On February 9, 2025, Aberdeen's sulfur dioxide (SO2) levels were measured at 1 ppb (part per billion).

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires the South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources to conduct an annual review of the state's air quality surveillance system and ambient air monitoring network. This includes testing for sulfur dioxide levels.

While the specific effects of sulfur dioxide pollution in Aberdeen are not readily available, exposure to high levels of this pollutant can have adverse effects on human health. Sulfur dioxide is a respiratory irritant, and high concentrations can aggravate respiratory diseases, particularly in sensitive individuals such as children and those with asthma.

To address the issue of sulfur dioxide pollution, regulatory measures and emission control technologies are often implemented. These measures aim to reduce the emission of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere and mitigate its potential impacts on human health and the environment.

Carbon monoxide

Real-time air pollution data for Aberdeen, South Dakota, on February 9, 2025, indicated a carbon monoxide level of 212 parts per billion (ppb). While this level may not represent a immediate health risk, prolonged exposure to elevated carbon monoxide levels can be harmful.

The health effects of carbon monoxide exposure can vary depending on the concentration and duration of exposure. At lower levels, symptoms may include headaches, dizziness, weakness, nausea, and confusion. Higher levels of exposure can lead to more severe symptoms, including chest pain, vomiting, loss of consciousness, and even death.

It is important for residents of Aberdeen to be aware of the potential risks associated with carbon monoxide exposure. Ensuring proper ventilation in homes and workplaces, regular maintenance of fuel-burning appliances, and the use of carbon monoxide detectors can help mitigate these risks and protect public health.

Ground-level ozone (smog)

Ground-level ozone, often referred to as smog, is a significant air pollution problem in Aberdeen, South Dakota. Ground-level ozone is caused by the oxidation of nitrogen oxides from combustion sources and volatile organic compounds from industrial processes. Sources of nitrogen oxides include transportation and stationary fuel combustion, such as vehicles, electric utilities, and industrial boilers.

The South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) is responsible for monitoring air quality and conducting annual reviews of the state's ambient air monitoring network. While specific data for ground-level ozone in Aberdeen is not available, it is included in the state's air quality monitoring program.

Aberdeen's overall air quality index (AQI) is 13, which is considered "good." However, the main pollutant of concern is PM2.5, which stands for particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 microns or less. These fine particles can penetrate deep into the respiratory system and have negative health impacts. The PM2.5 concentration in Aberdeen is currently 1.2 times the World Health Organization's annual guideline value.

To address air pollution issues, including ground-level ozone, the DENR works in conjunction with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under a State Implementation Plan. This plan includes monitoring and testing for current pollution levels of particulate matter, ozone, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. By collecting data and conducting annual reviews, the DENR aims to improve air quality and protect the health and safety of South Dakota residents.

It is important for residents of Aberdeen and surrounding areas to stay informed about air quality levels and take necessary precautions, especially during periods of high pollution or when sensitive groups may be at risk. Real-time air pollution data and forecasts are available through various sources, such as the IQAir AirVisual app and the AirNow website, which provide detailed information on air quality and potential health concerns.

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