Bronte Wells
India's transition from BS4 to BS6 emission norms is a response to degrading air quality in cities, particularly concerning NOx, particular matter, and NMHC emissions. BS6 norms are highly effective in reducing pollutants compared to BS4, with NOx levels expected to decrease by 25% for petrol and 68% for diesel engines. Petrol engines will also have regulated particulate-matter production for the first time. While BS6 vehicles do produce emissions, they fall within a permitted range, and a Pollution Under Control (PUC) certificate is required to ensure compliance with guidelines. The shift to BS6 norms will also result in cleaner-burning fuels with significantly lower sulphur content.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Emission Norms | NOx levels will go down by 25% for petrols and 68% for diesel engines. |
| Petrol engines with direct injection will attract regulation for their particulate-matter production. | |
| The switch to BS6 will require fuels with significantly lower sulphur content. | |
| Carbon monoxide emissions will be reduced by 30%. | |
| BS6 norms also set limits for hydrocarbon and particulate emissions. | |
| To meet BS6 requirements, carburetors in petrol engines will need to be replaced by programmed fuel injectors. | |
| Exhaust systems will be fitted with three-way catalytic converters. | |
| BS6 norms mandate On-Board Diagnostic System (OBD) for all BS-6 compliant vehicles. | |
| BS6 diesel engines get SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) to control NOx emissions. | |
| BS6 diesel engines will have DPF (Diesel Particulate Filter) in the exhaust systems to reduce PM or Particulate Matter. | |
| BS6 diesel engines control SOx by removing the sulphur content from the diesel fuel. | |
| BS6 petrol engines get more advanced OBD (On-Board Diagnostics). | |
| BS6 vehicles require a pollution certificate. | |
| Implementation | BS6 was implemented in April 2020. |
| The BS6 norms were fast-tracked due to rising pollution in the country, especially in metro cities. | |
| The BS6 norms were implemented without the BS5 norms being implemented first. |
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What You'll Learn
BS6 vehicles require a pollution certificate
In India, a valid Pollution Under Control (PUC) certificate is mandatory for all vehicles. This includes BS6 vehicles, which must obtain a PUC certificate to ensure they meet the prescribed emission standards and help reduce air pollution.
The PUC certificate, issued by the government, is provided to vehicles whose emission levels are within the required norms. While BS6 vehicles produce significantly fewer emissions than older vehicles, they do still emit some pollutants, and the condition of the exhaust system can impact emission levels. Thus, a PUC certificate is necessary to ensure that a BS6 vehicle meets the guidelines.
The process for procuring a PUC certificate for a BS6 vehicle is the same as that for a BS4 vehicle. New BS6 vehicles are covered for one year from the purchase date, after which the PUC certificate must be renewed every six months. This can be done by taking the vehicle to an authorised emission testing centre, where its emissions will be checked to ensure they meet the required standards.
It is important to always carry an updated PUC certificate when driving, as failing to do so can result in the traffic police seizing your vehicle. Electric vehicles are exempt from this requirement as they do not emit pollutants.
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BS6 engines have new technologies to meet emission norms
The BS6 (Bharat Stage 6) norms are emission standards set by the Government of India for vehicles sold in India. These standards aim to regulate the amount of pollutants emitted by vehicles powered by petrol and diesel engines. The BS6 norms were implemented in India from April 1, 2020, replacing the previous BS4 norms. Under the BS6 norms, the permissible levels of pollutants such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter are much lower than those of the previous BS4 norms.
To comply with the new norms, automakers had to introduce advanced engine technologies and exhaust after-treatment systems. These include selective catalytic reduction (SCR), diesel particulate filters (DPF), enhanced fuel injection systems, and turbocharging. These technologies are crucial in reducing vehicle emissions and improving fuel efficiency. The implementation of BS6 norms has led to a notable impact on the Indian automobile industry, with many automakers investing heavily in upgrading their production facilities and developing new engines and exhaust systems.
The major objective of the BS-6 engines is to reduce the sulphur content in emissions as the intake of sulphur is harmful to health in the long term. BS6-grade petrol and diesel have a maximum sulphur content of 10 mg/kg, compared to 50 mg/kg in BS4 fuels. The lower sulphur content results in cleaner-burning fuel, with petrol emitting less NOx, CO, and HC, and diesel resulting in lower PM emissions.
Vehicles with SCR technology have a separate tank filled with AdBlue, which is injected into the exhaust pipe in front of the SCR catalyst. When the NOx from the engine exhaust reacts with ammonia inside the catalyst, the harmful NOx molecules are converted into harmless nitrogen and water, which are released as steam. This technology, along with other advanced emission control systems, helps BS6 engines achieve significant reductions in pollutant emissions compared to previous standards.
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BS6 fuel has significantly lower sulphur content
The implementation of BS6 fuel norms in India is a significant step towards reducing air pollution from vehicles. BS6 fuel has a substantially lower sulphur content than its predecessor, BS4 fuel, which plays a critical role in decreasing harmful emissions.
Sulphur is a key contributor to the formation of harmful pollutants in vehicle emissions. By reducing the sulphur content in BS6 fuel to just 10 mg/kg or 10 parts per million (ppm), compared to 50 mg/kg or 50 ppm in BS4 fuel, the new fuel standard effectively lowers emissions of pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC). This reduction in sulphur content is a major factor in the overall decrease in pollution levels from vehicles.
The lower sulphur content in BS6 fuel also has implications for engine performance and maintenance. Sulphur plays an important role in providing lubrication inside the engine. With the reduced sulphur content in BS6 fuel, special additives are required to act as lubricating agents. This change, along with stricter emission norms, poses challenges for automakers. They must not only minimise pollution but also proactively work to retain vehicle driveability and performance.
The introduction of BS6 fuel is part of India's transition to cleaner emission norms. This shift has made fuels with significantly lower sulphur content essential. The benefits of this change are clear: lower sulphur content leads to cleaner-burning fuel and reduced emissions of harmful pollutants. As a result, BS6 diesel engines are less polluting than their BS4 counterparts, contributing to improved air quality and a healthier environment for all.
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BS6 norms set limits for Hydrocarbon and particulate emissions
The BS6 norms, also known as Bharat Stage 6 norms, are a set of regulations that aim to reduce the carbon footprint of vehicles. These norms were introduced in India in two phases, with Phase 1 coming into effect on April 1, 2020. The BS6 norms set limits for hydrocarbon and particulate emissions, which were not specified in earlier norms.
The permissible levels of pollutants such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter are much lower under the BS6 norms than the previous BS4 norms. For instance, the nitrogen oxide limit for diesel engines was reduced by 70% compared to the previous standard. Automakers had to introduce advanced engine technologies and exhaust after-treatment systems to comply with these new norms. These include selective catalytic reduction, diesel particulate filters, and enhanced fuel injection systems.
The BS6 norms have been made more stringent to reduce the amount of pollutants emitted by vehicles, particularly particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). The Euro VI emission standards, which the BS6 norms follow, set limits for PM at 4.5mg/km and for NOx at 60mg for petrol vehicles. These limits are significantly lower than those set by the BS4 norms.
The implementation of the BS6 norms has led to the adoption of more advanced engine and exhaust systems, which has increased production costs. This has resulted in a 10-15% rise in the prices of BS6-compliant vehicles. However, the benefits of the BS6 norms include improved fuel efficiency, better combustion, and enhanced mileage for CNG vehicles. Additionally, the use of low-sulphur fuel and advanced exhaust systems helps to ensure that emissions are kept within strict limits.
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BS6 norms mandate On-Board Diagnostic System (OBD) for all vehicles
In 2016, the Government of India announced that all vehicles, including two-wheelers, must be fitted with an On-Board Diagnostic Device (OBD) as part of the Bharat Stage 6 (BS6) emission norms. The BS6 OBD requirements were to be introduced in two phases, with the initial OBD threshold being enforced from April 1, 2020, and the final OBD threshold from April 1, 2023. These thresholds pertain to the amount of listed air contaminants present in the exhaust output.
The OBD system is designed to monitor emission-related malfunctions in real time. It can identify the likely area of malfunction through fault codes stored in the computer memory. These fault codes are known as Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTC). Mechanics can use a scanning device that connects with an OBD port to access these codes and make accurate diagnoses and repairs. This enables the timely detection and correction of emission-related issues, reducing the probability of major repairs and associated high costs.
The introduction of OBD is part of India's transition to more stringent emission norms. Under BS6, NOx levels will decrease by 25% for petrol engines and 68% for diesel engines. For the first time, petrol engines with direct injection will also be regulated for their particulate-matter production. Additionally, BS6-grade petrol and diesel will have significantly lower sulphur content (10 mg/kg) compared to BS4 fuels (50 mg/kg).
While the implementation of stricter emission norms poses challenges for automakers, it is important to note that the switch to cleaner emission norms will have benefits. Lower sulphur content in fuel results in cleaner burning, leading to reduced emissions of NOx, CO, and HC for petrol engines and PM emissions for diesel engines.
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Frequently asked questions
Yes, all vehicles on Indian roads require a pollution certificate.
BS6 norms are stricter and aim to reduce the emission of carbon monoxide by 30%, NOx by 80%, and particulate matter by 82%.
The transition from BS4 to BS6 will bring benefits such as upgraded engine control software for precise fuel injection control and a reduction in engine friction by 30%.
Lowering exhaust emissions results in a penalty on performance and fuel efficiency. Car manufacturers need to minimise pollution while retaining the vehicles' driveability.
You don't need a Pollution Under Control (PUC) certificate for the first year of ownership of a new vehicle.
