Wearing Air Pollution Masks: A Step-By-Step Guide

Air pollution is a serious issue that affects people worldwide and has been linked to millions of premature deaths each year. To protect themselves from harmful pollutants, many people choose to wear masks. Masks can be highly effective in reducing exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and other pollutants such as allergens, dust, and chemical fumes. N95 masks, for example, are commonly used and can filter out at least 95% of airborne particles larger than 0.3 micrometres in diameter. However, it is important to note that not all masks are created equal, and factors such as fit and additional features like activated charcoal can impact their effectiveness. This article will provide an overview of the different types of air pollution masks available, their effectiveness, and how to wear them correctly to ensure maximum protection.

The importance of a good seal

Firstly, a well-sealed mask acts as a physical barrier between your respiratory system and the polluted air. By covering your nose and mouth, the seal ensures that air passes through the mask's filters before you breathe it in. This is crucial because air pollution contains harmful chemicals and particles, such as PM2.5, that can cause short-term and long-term health issues, including respiratory illnesses, irritation to the nose and throat, and even cardiovascular problems.

Secondly, a good seal minimises air leakage around the edges of the mask. Research has shown that the effectiveness of a mask in filtering out pollutants depends on how well it fits the wearer's face and seals off particles. A tight seal ensures that the air you breathe passes through the mask's filters, maximising the filtration capabilities of the mask. This is especially important in areas with poor air quality or for individuals in vulnerable groups, as it significantly reduces your exposure to hazardous pollutants.

Additionally, a well-sealed mask provides a more comfortable experience. An uncomfortable mask that is rough on the face or difficult to breathe through will encourage you to take it off, reducing the protection it offers. A secure seal ensures the mask stays in place without causing discomfort, making it more likely that you will wear it consistently and for extended periods, thus maximising its protective benefits.

Finally, a good seal is essential when dealing with children or active individuals. Children, in particular, tend to be very active, and a well-sealed mask ensures that they remain protected even during play or physical activities. By choosing a lightweight, breathable mask with a good seal, you can ensure that it stays in place without causing discomfort or restricting their movement.

In conclusion, a good seal is vital to maximising the protective benefits of an air pollution mask. It ensures that the mask functions as intended, filtering out harmful pollutants and providing a physical barrier between you and the polluted air. By minimising air leakage and providing a comfortable fit, a good seal helps protect your health and ensures that the mask can be worn consistently and effectively.

How to check for a proper fit

To check for a proper fit when wearing an air pollution mask, follow these steps:

First, ensure that the mask fits tightly over your nose and mouth, creating a good seal with no gaps along the sides. This is crucial, as it prevents unfiltered air from bypassing the mask and entering your lungs. A well-sealed mask, with adjustable straps, is especially important if you are an outdoor worker or ride a two-wheeler.

The mask should fit the contour of your face, and be adaptable to your facial features. For example, masks made of Neoprene are stretchable and can adapt to varying facial features, ensuring a good seal and, therefore, a good fit.

If you are using a reusable respirator mask, be sure to replace the filters as recommended by the manufacturer to maintain the mask's effectiveness. Also, avoid wearing masks that are too loose or made from materials that don't provide proper filtration, as these will not offer sufficient protection.

For optimal protection, it is important to refer to local air quality guidelines and recommendations provided by health authorities in your region.

When to wear a mask

Air Quality Index (AQI):

The Air Quality Index (AQI) is a measure of how polluted the air is and is given by government agencies that constantly analyse the atmosphere. The AQI typically measures several common air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ground-level ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO). Each pollutant is assigned a specific index value based on its concentration in the air, and each level of air quality is colour-coded, ranging from green (minimal to no health risks) to maroon (hazardous).

If the AQI indicates hazardous or very unhealthy levels (purple), it is recommended to stay indoors and limit outdoor activity. Those who must go outside should take frequent breaks, as breathing through a respirator mask requires more effort. If you must go outside, it is recommended to wear an N95 respirator mask, which blocks 95% of fine particles. N90 masks are also an option, protecting the user from 90% of pollutants. If an N95 mask is not available, KN95 masks are equally effective in blocking particles associated with wildfires.

Individual Circumstances:

It is recommended to wear a mask when you are sick to reduce your exposure to germs and prevent the spread of your germs to others. This is especially important during periods of increased infections when it is not always possible to stay home. Additionally, if you are among a vulnerable group, such as children, the elderly, or people with respiratory or cardiac disorders, it is best to wear an N95 respirator when the air quality is poor.

Other Scenarios:

Masks are also useful during wildfire seasons, as wildfire smoke is a mixture of gases and fine particles that contain toxic air pollutants. Even after the fires are out, it is important to continue taking precautions, as air quality can remain poor for quite some time. In areas with high levels of air pollution, wearing a PM2.5 mask can provide sufficient protection for your respiratory system.

How to breathe comfortably

To breathe comfortably while wearing an air pollution mask, it is important to consider the following factors:

Firstly, the fit of the mask is crucial. A snug fit ensures that there are no gaps between your face and the mask, preventing unfiltered air from bypassing the mask and reducing its effectiveness. Look for adjustable straps that help create an airtight seal around your nose and chin, providing an extra layer of protection against leakage. The mask should fit the contour of your face comfortably without hugging your skin too closely, allowing enough space for easy breathing.

Secondly, consider masks with exhaust valves, which can improve breathability and reduce moisture buildup from condensation. These valves allow exhaled air to escape, preventing the mask from becoming moist and uncomfortable. However, it is important to note that valves may also release potentially infected respiratory aerosols into the air, which could be a concern for those around you.

Thirdly, the type of mask you choose matters. N95 masks, for example, offer superior protection against small particles and are ideal for individuals in areas with poor air quality or vulnerable groups. However, they can be uncomfortable for extended periods due to increased inhalation resistance. In contrast, surgical masks offer a looser, more comfortable fit but may not effectively filter out tiny particles. Reusable filtering face masks are also an option for those regularly exposed to hazardous air quality.

Lastly, specialised masks with activated carbon layers can be beneficial for reducing exposure to harmful gases like nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide, commonly emitted by vehicles and industrial sources. These masks can help minimise inhalation of pollutants and reduce the risk of respiratory issues.

Remember, discomfort or difficulty breathing while wearing a mask can lead to non-compliance, exposing yourself to pollutants. Therefore, selecting a mask that offers a good balance between protection and comfort is essential.

How to choose the right mask type

When choosing an air pollution mask, it is important to consider the levels of pollution in your area and the types of pollutants you are exposed to. Here are some factors to consider when selecting the right mask type:

Pollution Levels and Types

Different masks are designed to filter out specific types of pollutants. Evaluate the pollution levels in your area and identify the main pollutants you need protection from. Common pollutants include particulate matter (such as PM2.5), bacteria, viruses, odours, and toxins.

Mask Standards and Certifications

Look for masks with certifications and standards that assure their effectiveness in filtering out pollutants. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in the US recommends N95 masks, which filter out at least 95% of particles larger than 0.3 microns. The Chinese KN95 and European Union (EU) FFP2 standards are also widely accepted and equivalent to the N95 standard.

Mask Fit and Seal

Ensure that the mask fits properly and seals tightly against your face. A poor fit can allow unfiltered air and pollutants to enter, reducing the effectiveness of the mask. Look for features like embedded metal pieces that can be moulded to the shape of your nose, and soft seal bidirectional elastic material that prevents leakage.

Usage Patterns

Consider your usage patterns and choose a mask that suits your activity level. For example, if you are an active person who enjoys morning runs, opt for heavy-duty masks with large air intake valves, as they can handle larger volumes of air and moisture. If you only need a mask for limited use, lighter and more portable options, such as surgical masks, may be sufficient.

Additional Features

Depending on your specific needs, you may want to look for masks with additional features. For instance, activated carbon filters can help absorb gases, odours, and toxins. If you have breathing issues, look for masks with exhalation valves to breathe out carbon dioxide and consider masks with silicon lining for extra comfort.

Frequently asked questions