Meghan Hodges
Vehicular pollution is a major contributor to India's poor air quality, with vehicle emissions accounting for 14.2% of Delhi's total air pollution. As India's economy grows, so does its citizens' aspiration for vehicle ownership, with annual car sales projected to triple by 2030. This, combined with India's rapid technological advancements, will continue to negatively impact the environment, requiring a multifaceted approach to reducing vehicular pollution.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Vehicular emissions as a % of total air pollution | 14.2% |
| PM2.5 level in cities like Hyderabad, Chennai, and Visakhapatnam compared to standards set by the World Health Organization | Up to 10 times higher |
| Transport's share of total emissions | 25% |
| Road transport's share of transport emissions | 75% |
| Road transport's share of total CO2 emissions | 15% |
| India's rank among global car manufacturers | 5th |
| India's vehicle registration compound annual growth rate (as of 2019) | 10% |
| Projected increase in annual car sales in India by 2030 | 3.5 million to 10.5 million |
| Share of cars and two-wheelers in India's vehicle fleet by 2030 | 87% |
| Share of electric vehicles in new vehicle sales in India in 2021 | 1.8% |
| Share of electric vehicles in new vehicle sales in India in 2022 | >4% |
| Share of electric three-wheelers in total cost of ownership savings over gasoline-powered vehicles | 70% |
| Reduction in nitrogen dioxide levels in London's ULEZ | 44% |
| Reduction in traffic in central London | 30% |
| Increase in cycling in central London | 21% |
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What You'll Learn
Adopt eco-friendly fuels and electric vehicles
Vehicular emissions are a significant contributor to India's poor air quality, and addressing this issue requires a multifaceted approach. One crucial strategy is the adoption of eco-friendly fuels and electric vehicles (EVs).
Eco-friendly fuels, such as Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), emit fewer harmful gases compared to traditional petrol and diesel. Biodiesel, produced from vegetable oils or non-edible tree-borne oil seeds, is another alternative fuel option. Extensive trials with biodiesel blends in India have shown a reduction of 10 to 15% in smoke density. Compressed Bio-Gas (CBG), derived from agricultural waste and biomass sources, is also gaining traction as a potential replacement for CNG in automotive applications.
The Indian market is witnessing an increasing number of electric vehicle options, with brands such as Tata, Mahindra, MG Motor, and Hyundai launching a range of electric cars. The Indian government has set a target for EVs to account for 30% of private cars by 2030, and the development of charging infrastructure is underway. EVs offer zero tailpipe emissions, making them a more environmentally friendly choice.
To encourage the adoption of eco-friendly fuels and EVs, the Indian government and manufacturers are working to make these options more accessible and affordable. For instance, MG Motor recently reduced the price of its Comet EV, making it one of the most affordable electric cars in India. Additionally, electricity is often more affordable than fuel, reducing the daily running costs of electric vehicles.
The shift towards eco-friendly fuels and electric vehicles is a crucial step in reducing vehicular pollution in India. By embracing these alternatives, India can improve its air quality, mitigate the environmental impact of transportation, and offer cost-effective options to consumers.
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Implement Low Emission Zones (LEZs)
India's rapid urbanization and motorization have led to significant environmental degradation and public health challenges, with the transport sector being the biggest contributor to pollution in urban areas. Vehicular emissions are the single most identifiable cause of the nation's poor air quality, with a recent study showing that they account for 14.2% of Delhi's total air pollution. As such, there is a pressing need to implement strategies to reduce vehicle emissions and improve air quality in Indian cities. One such strategy is the implementation of Low Emission Zones (LEZs).
LEZs are areas where only vehicles with low or zero emissions, such as electric vehicles or those that meet the recommended emission standards, are allowed to enter. They can be implemented city-wide or in strategically selected areas, making them an effective tool for reducing emissions in densely populated regions. The success of LEZs in reducing emissions and improving air quality has been demonstrated in cities like London, where the Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) has led to a significant reduction in nitrogen dioxide levels and traffic congestion in central areas, as well as an increase in cycling.
To implement LEZs in Indian cities, ITDP India has developed a comprehensive guide called "Low Emission Zone Basics." This guide provides a structured framework and clear, easy-to-follow guidance on the foundational steps for implementing LEZs. It covers an 8-step process, including setting emission reduction targets, identifying locations, and selecting enforcement methods. By following this guide, cities in India can develop effective planning frameworks for LEZs that address their unique local situations and challenges.
For example, the walled city of Ahmedabad has developed a Planning Framework for LEZ that aims to reduce air pollution, improve accessibility and mobility, and enhance the quality of life for its residents. This framework is based on international case studies, detailed analysis of local situations, and evidence-driven recommendations, making it both actionable and adaptable to other Indian cities. By implementing well-planned LEZs, Indian cities can encourage the transition to low-emission vehicles, promote the use of active and public transport, and improve overall liveability and equity for their residents.
In conclusion, the implementation of LEZs in Indian cities is a crucial step towards reducing vehicular emissions and improving air quality. By following comprehensive guides and planning frameworks, such as the ones developed by ITDP India and Ahmedabad, cities can effectively establish LEZs that are tailored to their specific needs and contribute to a greener and more sustainable future for India.
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Improve vehicle testing procedures
India is the fifth-largest global car manufacturer with one of the highest compound annual growth rates of vehicle registration as of 2019. Due to economic growth and the continued aspiration for vehicle ownership, annual car sales in India are projected to increase by three times by 2030. This will increase exposure to vehicular exhaust emissions.
To control real-world emissions, India needs to improve vehicle testing procedures. Here are some ways to achieve that:
Adopt the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Procedures (WLTP)
The Modified Indian Drive Cycle (MIDC) may not adequately represent vehicular emissions during on-road conditions due to variations in traffic density, land-use patterns, road infrastructure, and poor traffic management. As a result, it is necessary to adopt the WLTP, a global harmonized standard for determining the levels of pollutants from internal combustion engine (ICE) and hybrid cars. This will ensure that testing procedures capture a wider range of driving conditions, more representative of real-world driving in India.
Implement Real Driving Emissions (RDE) procedures
The International Centre for Automotive Technology in India is developing RDE procedures that are expected to come into force in 2023. These procedures must account for various conditions prevailing in the country, such as low and high altitudes, year-round temperatures, additional vehicle payload, up and downhill driving, and different types of roads. By adopting these RDE procedures, India can improve the accuracy of emissions testing and better control real-world emissions.
Tighten emissions standards and modify technical parameters for testing
With the rapid changes in vehicle technology and the continued presence of ICE vehicles on Indian roads, tightening emissions standards is essential. This includes modifying the technical parameters for testing vehicles to reduce emissions in real-world conditions. The government has already implemented Bharat Stage (BS) emission standards to regulate air pollutants from ICE and spark-ignition engine equipment, including motor vehicles. However, further enhancements are needed to keep up with technological advancements and reduce vehicular pollution effectively.
Encourage the use of alternative fuels
Alternative fuels, such as CNG, LPG, and electric vehicles, can significantly reduce vehicular emissions. India has promoted the use of CNG by exempting customs duty on CNG kits and mandating their use in government vehicles. Additionally, the country has made legal amendments to permit the use of LPG as an automobile fuel. By encouraging the adoption of these alternative fuels, India can reduce the environmental impact of its growing vehicle population.
Improve traffic management and implement low-emission zones (LEZs)
Effective traffic management strategies, such as efficient parking management and well-designed road infrastructure, can help reduce vehicular emissions. Implementing LEZs, where only low or zero-emission vehicles are allowed, can significantly reduce emissions in densely populated areas. For example, London's Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) has led to a substantial reduction in nitrogen dioxide levels and traffic congestion. Similar initiatives in Indian cities can help address the urgent challenge of reducing vehicular pollution.
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Encourage carpooling and shared rides
Carpooling and shared rides are effective ways to reduce vehicular pollution in India. This is because carpooling reduces the number of vehicles on the road, which in turn reduces traffic congestion and vehicular emissions. A study by the World Health Organization in 2016 showed that half of the 20 most polluted cities in the world are in India, with Delhi recording PM 2.5 at 295 microgram/m3, almost 15 times higher than the World Health Organization safety limit.
To encourage carpooling and shared rides, a multifaceted approach is required to make it more attractive, safe, and appealing to a wider range of riders, especially women and two-wheeler riders in India. Building trust and safety is essential, which can be achieved through rigorous verification processes, real-time tracking, and emergency response features. Offering gender-specific carpooling alternatives and planning routes with safety in mind can increase women's interest in carpooling services. Implementing special carpool lanes for two-wheeler riders can also encourage more riders to participate.
Awareness campaigns about the benefits of carpooling, providing loyalty programs, and incorporating user feedback to enhance the service can help attract a larger user base. Additionally, dynamic scheduling systems that allow users to book rides as needed, rather than on a regular basis, can cater to varying commute patterns, especially for remote workers. Features like last-minute booking, route optimisation for multiple pickups, and corporate packages that include ride-sharing for business meetings can make carpooling more appealing and convenient.
Partnerships with electric vehicle (EV) manufacturers can also provide special offers for carpoolers, while government incentives such as tax breaks or subsidies for shared EV journeys can further encourage their use. This not only reduces the carbon impact but also aligns with the broader goals of sustainable urban mobility. Carpooling platforms can leverage advanced technologies like AI for predictive analytics and blockchain for secure transactions to provide a seamless and reliable experience for commuters.
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Promote efficient driving habits
The transport sector accounts for a quarter of total emissions in India, out of which road transport accounts for three-quarters of transport emissions. Here are some ways to promote efficient driving habits to reduce vehicular pollution in India:
Turn off the engine when idle
Leaving your engine running while waiting at traffic signals wastes fuel and emits harmful gases. Switching off the engine during such idle times conserves fuel and helps the environment.
Carpool and use public transportation
Along with turning off the engine at stops, carpooling and using public transportation make a significant difference in saving energy and reducing pollution.
Regular oil changes
Oil is crucial for a vehicle's smooth operation and efficient engine function. Regular usage can lead to dust buildup in the engine, potentially causing malfunctions. Changing the oil at recommended intervals ensures your vehicle runs smoothly and reduces pollution by keeping the engine clean and functioning properly.
Maintain a steady speed
Driving at a consistent speed helps to cut down pollution by enhancing fuel efficiency and reducing harmful emissions. When a vehicle maintains a steady pace, the engine operates more efficiently, burning less fuel and emitting fewer pollutants like carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM). This also minimises wear and tear on the vehicle, resulting in lower emissions in the long run.
Drive responsibly
Avoid sudden acceleration and heavy braking, as these actions can increase fuel consumption and emissions. Instead, maintain a steady speed and anticipate traffic to drive more smoothly and efficiently.
Optimise your routes
Use navigation apps to find the most efficient routes with less traffic and fewer stops, reducing emissions.
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Frequently asked questions
Vehicular emissions are a major cause of air pollution in India, contributing 20-30% of Particulate Matter (PM2.5) at the breathing level of air quality. The transport sector accounts for a quarter of total emissions, with road transport making up three-quarters of that. India is the fifth-largest global car manufacturer with one of the highest compound annual growth rates (10%) of vehicle registration as of 2019.
The Indian government has implemented Bharat Stage (BS) emission standards to regulate air pollutants from internal combustion engine vehicles. In April 2020, India introduced BS-VI standards, which are equivalent to Euro-6/VI norms. The government is also revising fuel economy standards for trucks and promoting the use of electric vehicles (EVs).
Individuals can make a difference by choosing eco-friendly fuels, such as CNG, LPG, or electric vehicles. It is also important to maintain your vehicle and keep it in good condition, with proper tyre pressure and regular oil changes. Drive at a steady speed, avoid peak traffic hours, and turn off your engine when idle.
Long-term strategies include improving vehicle testing procedures, implementing low-emission zones (LEZs), and reshaping transport practices and policies. Effective parking management and promoting walking, cycling, and public transport can also help reduce vehicular pollution.
