Improve Indoor Air Quality: Strategies For Cleaner Breathing

Indoor air pollution is a serious environmental hazard that affects people worldwide, especially in developing countries. It is caused by the release of harmful pollutants such as fine particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and various other toxins, which can have detrimental effects on human health. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 3.2 million people died globally from indoor air pollution in 2020, including 237,000 children under five. To address this issue, it is crucial to minimize the release of pollutants and improve indoor air quality through proper ventilation, the use of cleaner fuels and technologies, and the adoption of energy-efficient home upgrades.

Reduce the use of air fresheners and scented products

Air fresheners and scented products are a common feature in many homes and workplaces. They are often used to mask unpleasant odours or to create a more pleasant environment. However, these products can also contribute to indoor air pollution and have negative impacts on human health.

Air fresheners and scented products can emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other pollutants, such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylenes. These compounds can irritate the eyes, nose, and throat, and cause headaches, nausea, and even more severe health issues such as asthma attacks, breathing difficulties, dermatitis, and neurological problems. The use of air fresheners can also increase exposure levels to air pollutants, even at relatively low levels. For example, air freshener emissions can react with naturally occurring compounds in the air, such as ozone, to produce secondary pollutants.

The Consumer Product Safety Commission, which regulates cleaning supplies, air fresheners, and laundry products, does not currently require manufacturers to disclose all ingredients, including fragrances, on labels. This makes it difficult for consumers to understand the potential toxicity and health effects of these products. However, the Household Product Labelling Act, currently under review in the US Senate, aims to address this issue by requiring manufacturers to label all ingredients, including fragrance mixtures.

To reduce the use of air fresheners and scented products, there are several alternatives that can be employed. One option is to adopt fragrance-free policies in the workplace, which can help individuals who are sensitive to these products. Additionally, it is recommended to clean with basic supplies like vinegar and baking soda, as suggested by Professor Anne Steinemann from the University of Washington, Seattle. Furthermore, advanced designs of new homes are starting to feature mechanical systems that bring outdoor air inside, improving indoor air quality. These systems, known as energy-efficient heat recovery ventilators or air-to-air heat exchangers, can be integrated into HVAC systems to mitigate the costs of heating and cooling.

Avoid indoor burning of solid fuels

Burning solid fuels like wood, coal, charcoal, and dung indoors is a major contributor to indoor air pollution, which is deemed the world's largest single environmental health risk by the World Health Organization (WHO). The combustion of these fuels releases toxic gases such as carbon monoxide (CO) and fine particulate matter, which are harmful to human health and can induce numerous ailments.

To address this issue, it is crucial to transition to cleaner and more sustainable sources of energy. Here are some ways to avoid the indoor burning of solid fuels:

• Switch to Clean Fuels: Opt for cleaner alternatives such as solar power, electricity, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), natural gas, biogas, ethanol, and alcohol fuels. These fuels produce fewer emissions and are considered safer for indoor use.
• Improve Ventilation: Increasing ventilation can help dilute and remove indoor air pollutants. Open windows and doors to allow for natural ventilation, or use mechanical systems like fans or energy-efficient heat recovery ventilators to bring in fresh outdoor air.
• Source Control: Identify and eliminate individual sources of pollution or reduce their emissions. For example, seal or enclose materials containing asbestos, and adjust gas stoves to decrease emission output.
• Follow WHO Guidelines: The WHO has published guidelines for indoor air quality and household fuel combustion, offering practical guidance on clean fuels and technologies. These guidelines include emission rate targets and recommendations to discourage the use of certain fuels, such as kerosene and unprocessed coal.
• Promote Access to Clean Energy: Income and geographical factors play a significant role in energy access. Support initiatives and policies that aim to improve access to clean and sustainable energy sources, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This includes advocating for affordable clean technologies and fuels for lower-income households.

By implementing these measures, we can significantly reduce the indoor burning of solid fuels and improve indoor air quality, thereby reducing the health risks associated with this type of pollution.

Improve ventilation

Improving ventilation is an important step in reducing indoor air pollution. Ventilation helps to remove or dilute indoor airborne pollutants, reducing the level of contaminants and improving indoor air quality.

Natural Ventilation

Natural ventilation is the movement of air through open windows and doors. Opening windows and doors can increase the outdoor ventilation rate, improving the air quality inside. In warmer climates, however, this can also increase indoor humidity, which may cause mould and damage to the building. Therefore, it is important to also consider using fans or exhaust systems to remove moisture. Ceiling fans are recommended, preferably with windows open. Local bathroom or kitchen fans that exhaust outdoors are another option, as they increase the outdoor ventilation rate and remove contaminants directly from the room.

Mechanical Ventilation

Some residential heating and air-conditioning systems do not bring outdoor air into the home mechanically, relying instead on infiltration and natural ventilation. However, advanced designs for new homes are starting to add a mechanical feature that brings outdoor air into the home through the HVAC system. These designs may include energy-efficient heat recovery ventilators to mitigate the cost of heating or cooling the air. It is important to note that HVAC systems can also exacerbate indoor air quality problems if they are contaminated or if the duct distribution system spreads pollutants from one area of the home to another. Regular maintenance and duct sealing can help to minimise these issues.

Spot Ventilation

Spot ventilation draws air from a particular location, such as a bathroom or kitchen, and exhausts it outside. This type of ventilation is useful for areas that produce high levels of pollutants or moisture.

Dilution Ventilation

Dilution ventilation addresses low-level contamination throughout the home.

Other Considerations

When using ventilation to improve indoor air quality, it is important to carefully evaluate the presence of any outdoor sources of pollutants, such as smoke or refuse, that may be drawn inside. In some cases, outdoor air can bring pollution indoors, such as diesel emissions from nearby freeways or pollution from factories. Therefore, it is important to consider the location of the building and take steps to reduce outdoor air pollution if necessary.

Use safer cleaning products

Using safer cleaning products is an important way to reduce indoor air pollution. Many household cleaning products contain harmful chemicals, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), toxic air contaminants (TACs), and greenhouse gases (GHGs). These chemicals can be released into the air during use, contributing to indoor air pollution and potentially causing adverse health effects.

To address this issue, it is recommended to use cleaning agents that are certified as meeting the US EPA's Safer Product Standards, such as those with the "Safer Choice" label. These products have been evaluated to ensure they do not contain or have reduced amounts of VOCs, fragrances, irritants, and flammable ingredients. It is also advisable to avoid air fresheners, as these often contain high levels of VOCs and can contribute significantly to indoor air pollution.

In addition to choosing safer products, it is essential to use cleaning products sparingly and appropriately. This includes following usage instructions and avoiding overuse. After cleaning, it is good practice to rinse surfaces with water to remove any residual cleaning agents that could continue to react with ozone in the air. It is also important to properly store or dispose of cleaning tools like sponges and mops, ensuring they are rinsed and removed from the indoor living space.

Natural cleaning alternatives, such as homemade products made from basic, non-toxic ingredients, can be an effective and safer option. For example, a mixture of vinegar and water can be used for cleaning glass, while baking soda is useful for scrubbing and managing odors. These alternatives reduce the level of VOCs in the home, improving the air quality while still maintaining a clean and fresh-smelling environment.

By being mindful of the potential impact of cleaning products on indoor air quality and making informed choices, individuals can play a significant role in reducing indoor air pollution and creating a healthier living space.

Choose formaldehyde-free building materials and renovate damp areas

Choosing the right building materials is crucial for maintaining good indoor air quality and preventing health issues. Formaldehyde is a common compound in building materials, and while it occurs naturally in living cells and is exhaled in human breath, it can also be man-made and used in the manufacturing of various products, including building materials. The building and construction industry consumes a significant amount of formaldehyde, and it is essential for creating high-quality resins and durable wood products. However, formaldehyde emissions can contribute to indoor air pollution, and excessive exposure may be harmful.

To address this, it is advisable to opt for formaldehyde-free building materials. For example, instead of using exterior-grade plywood or oriented strand board (OSB) for sheathing, which often contains formaldehyde, one could use a product like ExtremeGreen Board, made from magnesium oxide. This alternative is not only formaldehyde-free but also resistant to mould, insects, and fire. Additionally, when it comes to tiling, it is important to be mindful of the presence of biocides, antifungals, and antimicrobials in thinsets and grouts. Biocide-free alternatives like Kerabond and Versabond by Custom Building Products are recommended by experts.

Renovating damp areas is another crucial step in addressing indoor air pollution. Dampness and mould growth can lead to respiratory issues, allergies, and asthma. The World Health Organization (WHO) emphasizes the importance of preventing or minimizing persistent dampness and microbial growth on interior surfaces and in building structures. Water damage and indoor dampness have been linked to an increased risk of wheezing and other respiratory symptoms, especially in children.

To mitigate these issues, it is essential to address the root causes of dampness, such as leaks or poor ventilation. Increasing ventilation rates can help reduce the concentration of harmful particles in the air. Additionally, ensuring proper drying and dehumidification of affected areas can prevent the growth of mould and other microbes. Taking these steps can significantly improve indoor air quality and reduce potential health risks associated with damp environments.

In summary, choosing formaldehyde-free building materials and renovating damp areas are crucial steps in addressing indoor air pollution. By being mindful of the materials we use and maintaining dry and well-ventilated spaces, we can create healthier and more comfortable indoor environments.

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