Greta Jimenez
The world is experiencing an unprecedented wave of building and infrastructure growth, with an expected addition of 2.6 trillion square feet of new floor area to the global building stock between 2020 and 2060. This rapid expansion raises concerns about the environmental impact of the building sector, especially in terms of pollution. While sectors like transportation and industry often take priority in discussions around pollution, the building sector contributes significantly to global emissions and pollution levels. The burning of fossil fuels, gas, biomass, and wood in buildings leads to substantial health burdens, with early deaths attributed to air pollution from stationary sources ranging between 48,000 and 64,000 annually. As we continue to add new buildings at a rapid pace, it is crucial to address the environmental and health impacts associated with the sector to ensure a sustainable future.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Percentage of global greenhouse gas emissions that the built environment generates | 40% |
| Percentage of emissions that building operations are responsible for | 27% |
| Percentage of emissions that building and infrastructure materials and construction are responsible for | 13% |
| Percentage of emissions in Fairfax that the built environment represents | 37% |
| Percentage of emissions that electricity use in buildings contributes to | 4% |
| Percentage of emissions that natural gas use in buildings contributes to | 33% |
| Pollutants released by diesel engines in heavy machinery and other vehicles on construction sites | Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons |
| Other sources of pollution on construction sites | High levels of dust, hazardous chemicals such as paints, glues, oils, thinners, plastics, asbestos, arsenic, and mercury |
| Percentage of energy and process-related carbon dioxide emissions that the buildings and construction sector accounted for in 2018 | 39% |
| Percentage of carbon dioxide emissions that resulted from manufacturing building materials and products | 11% |
| Amount of new floor area that is expected to be added to the global building stock from 2020 to 2060 | 2.6 trillion ft2 (241 billion m2) |
| Pollutants included in PM2.5 pollution | Nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and ammonia (NH3) |
| Percentage of US homes and businesses that burn gas, oil, or propane on-site | 70% |
| Amount of CO2 generated annually by US homes and businesses that burn gas, oil, or propane on-site | 600 million tons |
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What You'll Learn
Burning fossil fuels, wood, and biomass in buildings
Burning fossil fuels, wood, and biomass for energy in buildings has significant environmental implications. The buildings and construction sector accounted for 39% of energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in 2018, with 11% resulting from manufacturing building materials like steel, cement, and glass. The global building sector's CO2 emissions are expected to increase with the projected addition of 2.6 trillion square feet of new floor area by 2060.
Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, contribute to atmospheric carbon levels, driving climate change. The use of fossil fuels in buildings for heating, cooking, and electricity generation is a significant source of CO2 emissions. While biomass, including wood pellets and biofuels, is promoted as a renewable energy source, its environmental impact is contentious. Burning biomass releases carbon dioxide, and the argument for carbon neutrality is based on the assumption that biomass releases the same amount of CO2 as its source plants capture through photosynthesis.
However, burning wood emits more carbon dioxide per unit of energy output compared to fossil fuels, and the time lag in growing new trees to recapture carbon can take years. Additionally, the wood pellet industry has been associated with air pollution and negative impacts on local communities, particularly in the southeastern United States, where it has established itself with the support of European subsidies. Smoke and emissions from biomass production sites have been reported by nearby residents, and there are concerns about the industry's targeting of vulnerable communities.
Furthermore, the claim that switching from coal to wood biomass significantly reduces greenhouse gas emissions is disputed. Smokestack emission tests reveal that burning wood produces higher carbon emissions than burning natural gas or coal. The increased demand for wood fuel has led to concerns about deforestation, especially in low-income countries where wood is a primary cooking and heating fuel. To mitigate these issues, the use of fuel-efficient cooking stoves and the planting of fast-growing trees for fuel are recommended.
While burning fossil fuels and biomass releases CO2, the use of biomass can reduce overall CO2 emissions if it replaces fossil fuel use. Biofuels, for example, are generally cleaner-burning than petroleum fuels, and the plants used to produce them absorb CO2 during their growth. Additionally, initiatives like the European Union's Renewable Energy Directive aim to encourage the transition away from fossil fuels, although the inclusion of wood biomass as a renewable energy source has had unintended consequences for the climate and local communities.
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Gas, the leading fuel source in commercial buildings
The building and construction sector is responsible for a significant proportion of global energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. According to a 2019 report, the sector accounted for 36% of final energy use and 39% of energy-related carbon dioxide emissions, with 11% resulting from the manufacturing of building materials such as steel, cement, and glass.
Natural gas is a popular fuel choice for commercial buildings due to its cost-effectiveness, efficiency, and availability. In the United States, natural gas accounts for approximately 34% of the total energy used in buildings. Space heating, which accounts for 32% of energy use in commercial buildings, heavily relies on natural gas as a fuel source.
Natural gas is preferred due to its clean-burning properties and cost-effectiveness compared to oil or electric sources. Modern innovations have improved the efficiency of natural gas systems, with some gas-fired heaters achieving up to 97% efficiency. These systems ensure indoor spaces have plenty of clean air by drawing combustion air from outside. Additionally, natural gas solutions are often designed to operate with propane, making them versatile in areas without natural gas infrastructure.
However, natural gas is a fossil fuel, primarily composed of methane (95%), which is a significant contributor to global climate change. While it burns cleanly, cooking with natural gas can negatively impact indoor air quality and lead to respiratory issues.
Other fuel sources for commercial buildings include electric and oil heating. Electric heaters, such as horizontal electric heaters, are recommended for buildings with low ceilings and can be adjusted to direct airflow in either direction. Oil heating, while less common, provides high energy output and is a reliable option in remote areas without access to natural gas pipelines.
When selecting a fuel source, facility managers must consider various factors, including location, climate, infrastructure availability, cost, and environmental impact. Evaluating these factors helps maximize energy savings and minimize the environmental footprint of the building.
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Wood, the leading cause of health issues in residential buildings
The built environment is a major contributor to global pollution, generating 40% of annual global greenhouse gas emissions. Of these emissions, building operations are responsible for 27%, while building materials and construction account for an additional 13%. Natural gas use in buildings, which is primarily used for water heating, space heating, and cooking, contributes 33% of total emissions. The burning of natural gas can result in dangerous levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and formaldehyde (HCHO), which can be especially harmful to children and the elderly.
While wood is often touted as a renewable and eco-friendly building material, it is important to consider its potential health impacts, particularly in residential buildings. Wood is known to be a leading cause of several health issues in these settings. One of the main concerns with wood in residential buildings is its ability to absorb and release volatile organic compounds (VOCs). While wood itself emits lower VOCs compared to other materials, it can act as a "sink" for VOCs from other sources, such as cleaning agents or solvents. This means that wood can absorb and then release these harmful compounds, potentially impacting the indoor air quality and the health of occupants.
In addition, wood can be susceptible to moisture, which can weaken its structural integrity. Moisture can cause the wood fibers to bend or break, leading to potential structural issues and health hazards. Mold and mildew can also grow on damp wood, releasing spores into the air and triggering respiratory issues and allergies in susceptible individuals.
Furthermore, the use of wood in residential buildings can contribute to poor air quality through the release of formaldehyde. Formaldehyde is a known carcinogen and can be emitted from various wood products, including plywood, particleboard, and certain types of insulation. Exposure to formaldehyde has been linked to eye, nose, and throat irritation, as well as more severe health issues such as respiratory problems and an increased risk of cancer.
While the incorporation of wood and natural materials in buildings has been associated with reduced stress and improved mental health, it is important to balance these benefits against the potential health risks. Proper ventilation, moisture control, and the use of low-emitting materials can help mitigate the negative impacts of wood in residential buildings. Additionally, the responsible sourcing and management of wood products can ensure a sustainable and renewable resource that minimizes harm to ecosystems.
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Nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and volatile compounds
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are gases composed of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), produced from natural sources, motor vehicles, and fuel-burning processes. Nitrogen dioxide is a corrosive and harmful gas that can damage the human respiratory tract, exacerbating respiratory infections and asthma. Long-term exposure can lead to chronic lung disease. Indoor sources of nitrogen oxides include poorly ventilated spaces with gas stoves and gas or wood heaters.
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is another gaseous air pollutant, primarily produced by volcanic activity and the burning of fossil fuels containing sulfur, such as coal, oil, and gas. SO2 is a significant contributor to acid rain and can have adverse effects on human health, particularly the respiratory system.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted as gases from certain solids or liquids and encompass a wide range of chemicals. VOCs are prevalent in household products like paints, varnishes, cleaning agents, cosmetics, and fuels. These compounds can have adverse short- and long-term health effects, and their concentrations are often significantly higher indoors compared to outdoors.
Buildings contribute significantly to the emission of these pollutants. The construction sector, including the manufacturing of building materials, accounts for a substantial proportion of energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Additionally, indoor sources, such as certain household products and inadequate ventilation, can exacerbate the presence of these pollutants, leading to potential health risks for occupants.
To mitigate these issues, organizations like the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the American Lung Association provide resources and guidelines to reduce indoor air pollution and protect public health.
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Construction processes and building materials
The construction industry has a significant impact on the environment, and construction processes and building materials are major contributors to pollution. Construction activity can release a range of pollutants into the air, water, and soil, posing risks to both workers and the surrounding communities.
One of the main types of pollution associated with construction is air pollution. Diesel exhaust emissions from heavy-duty vehicles and machinery used on construction sites, such as dump trucks, cranes, and bulldozers, release harmful pollutants, including carbon dioxide, nitrogen and sulphur compounds, and carbon monoxide. Additionally, the combustion of diesel fuel and the use of certain chemicals during construction processes contribute to poor air quality.
Water pollution is another concern. Construction activities can generate wastewater containing harmful substances such as paints, oils, and curing compounds. If not properly managed and treated, this wastewater can contaminate nearby water bodies, affecting aquatic ecosystems and drinking water sources. Soil pollution is also a significant issue, as soil and gravel dust generated during excavation and construction activities can be blown off-site or washed into waterways, impacting soil quality and contributing to air pollution.
The use of hazardous materials in building construction further exacerbates pollution. Asbestos, for example, has been widely used in fireproofing, insulation, and piping. During renovation or demolition of older buildings, asbestos fibres and dust can be released, posing serious health risks to workers and nearby residents. Other toxic materials, such as urea formaldehyde insulation, can also release harmful fibres and dust if not properly managed during demolition.
To mitigate these environmental impacts, construction companies are encouraged to adopt sustainable practices. This includes implementing pollution prevention measures, such as properly managing and treating wastewater, controlling dust and diesel emissions, and preventing the discharge of pollutants from equipment and vehicles. Recycling programs, such as the EPA's Industrial Recycling Program, promote the recycling of construction and demolition debris, reducing waste and the need for raw material extraction.
Additionally, the incorporation of green building practices involves the use of environmentally friendly materials, helping to reduce carbon emissions and lower operating costs. With growing awareness of the importance of decarbonization in the construction industry, there is a shift towards more sustainable practices, aiming to reduce the environmental footprint of construction projects.
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Frequently asked questions
It is difficult to provide an exact number as there are many factors to consider. However, it is clear that buildings contribute significantly to pollution. In the US, the commercial, residential, and industrial sectors produce substantial greenhouse gas emissions, with fossil fuels burned for heat and gases used for refrigeration and cooling in buildings being major contributors.
Building pollution has severe health impacts. A study estimated that early deaths attributed to air pollution from stationary sources, including buildings, were between 48,000 and 64,000 a year in the US. If considered a "cause of death", it would rank as the eighth leading cause of death. The health impacts are dominated by the use of wood and gas as fuel sources.
The health impacts of building pollution have significant economic repercussions. In 2017, the estimated health impacts of air pollution from stationary sources, including buildings, amounted to $615 billion in the US.
To reduce building pollution, policymakers can prioritize all-electric new constructions and improve regulations on wood and biomass appliances. Additionally, decarbonizing stationary sources, improving energy efficiency, and electrifying buildings can help mitigate the pollution produced by the built environment.
