Japan's Unique Strategies To Combat Air Pollution

Japan has been taking steps to improve its air quality index, which is currently rated as 'Good' by IQAir. However, this still does not meet the World Health Organisation's guidelines, and Japan is not on track to meet its goal of becoming carbon neutral by 2050. To tackle this, Japan has introduced stricter emission standards, promoted renewable energy sources, and invested in electric vehicles and public transport.

Stricter emission standards for vehicles and factories

Japan has implemented stricter emission standards for vehicles and industrial activities from factories, one of its largest contributors to air pollution. These standards are based on the Air Pollution Control Act and have been continuously tightened over the years, with a focus on high-emitting heavy-duty trucks and buses. All new diesel vehicles are now required to be equipped with diesel particulate filters. The allowable maximum desired value for emissions from vehicles is continuously being lowered.

In addition to standards for vehicles, Japan has also introduced emission controls for factories. Each company is obliged to have a dust collector installed that separates and removes particulate matter in gas, and smoke exhausts that remove sulphur oxides and elementary oxides in the exhaust gas. Further reductions are sought after through the use of technologies such as desulphurisation and flue gas denitrification.

Japan's efforts to reduce emissions from vehicles and factories have had positive results. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government found that levels of nitrogen dioxide, a common pollutant from vehicles and industry, have been declining in Tokyo. Similarly, the annual average concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has also been gradually decreasing in recent years, which is significant as PM2.5 is known to have detrimental effects on health.

While Japan has made significant progress in reducing air pollution through stricter emission standards for vehicles and factories, there is still room for improvement. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Japan's air quality does not meet its guidelines, as it can exceed the ideal number of micrograms (μg) of fine particle matter air pollution (PM2.5) per metre cubed. Additionally, Japan is still one of the biggest global emitters of greenhouse gases and imports a large amount of fuel for electricity.

Investing in public transport and electric vehicles

Japan is well-known for its exceptional public transport, including its subway and train systems, and it is investing more heavily in electric vehicles (EVs). This is a crucial strategy for reducing air pollution, particularly in large and densely populated cities like Tokyo, where temperature inversion in winter can trap pollutants near the ground.

Public Transport

The Japanese government is taking a multifaceted approach to improving air quality in cities like Tokyo, and one of these measures is investing in public transport. This strategy aims to reduce emissions by encouraging people to use public transportation instead of private cars. With its highly efficient subway and train systems, Japan is already well-positioned to implement this strategy effectively.

Electric Vehicles

In addition to investing in public transport, Japan is also promoting the use of electric vehicles. This is a significant part of the country's efforts to reduce air pollution, as vehicles are one of the largest contributors to this issue. All new diesel vehicles are now equipped with diesel particulate filters, and the government provides financial assistance to businesses considering switching to equipment with low-GWP refrigerants.

Furthermore, Japan is working towards the widespread adoption of electric vehicles by addressing the challenges of high vehicle prices, maintenance costs, and the lack of charging stations. They are also encouraging the use of low-emission vehicles, such as hydrogen-powered buses, which actively filter fine particulate matter.

Impact on Air Quality

These investments in public transport and electric vehicles have already had a positive impact on Japan's air quality. The annual average concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been gradually decreasing in recent years, and levels of nitrogen dioxide, a common pollutant from vehicles and industry, have also been declining. These positive trends are attributed to the country's efforts to reduce emissions, including the measures mentioned above.

International Collaboration

Japan is also addressing transboundary air pollution by collaborating with neighbouring countries. They coordinate policies and share data with China and Korea to collectively improve the health of the region. This is especially important as pollution from these neighbouring countries can be transported across the border by prevailing winds, affecting Japan's air quality.

Promoting renewable energy sources

Japan's economy is heavily reliant on fossil fuels, which generate almost 85% of its energy consumption. As a result, the country has committed to reaching net-zero emissions by 2050, setting a target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 46% from 2013 levels by 2030.

To achieve these goals, Japan is increasing its focus on renewable energy sources. In 2019, renewable energy accounted for 7.8% of the country's primary energy supply, and this figure is expected to grow as Japan invests in wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass energy projects.

Solar Energy

Japan has been a leader in solar energy adoption, particularly after the introduction of aggressive feed-in tariffs in 2012. These tariffs provide set prices for renewable energy sources, encouraging companies to invest in solar projects. As a result, Japan added 1,718 MW of solar power in 2012, and by the end of that year, the country's total solar capacity was 7.4 GW. By 2015, Japan had a cumulative installed capacity of 34 GW, generating 3.5% of the national electricity consumption.

Wind Power

Japan has also been exploring wind power as a renewable energy source, with a focus on offshore wind power. In 2020, the Japanese government announced plans to install up to 45 GW of offshore wind power by 2040.

Geothermal Energy

Due to its proximity to the Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc, Japan has favourable sites for geothermal power generation. Japan developed geothermal power until the 1990s but terminated these projects to focus on nuclear power plant construction. However, there is renewed interest in geothermal energy due to the energy crisis following the Fukushima disaster, and businesses and the government are currently considering over 60 potential sites for development.

Biomass Energy

Japan's installed biomass generation capacity is about five times higher than its developed geothermal capacity. In 2008, Japan produced 322 million tons of biomass fuel and converted 76% of it into energy. By 2022, the proportion of electricity generated from biomass power had risen to 4.6%, up from 4.1% in the previous year.

Hydroelectricity

Hydroelectricity has been Japan's main renewable energy source, with an installed capacity of about 27 GW and a production of 69.2 TWh of electricity in 2009. Japan has also invested in pump-power hydropower stations, which act as giant batteries and can store energy for later use.

By diversifying its energy sources and investing in renewable technologies, Japan is working towards reducing air pollution and mitigating the impacts of climate change.

Collaboration with neighbouring countries to address transboundary air pollution

Japan has been taking steps to address air pollution, both domestically and in collaboration with neighbouring countries. Transboundary air pollution from China and South Korea is a significant issue for Japan due to prevailing winds carrying pollutants across the border. To tackle this, Japan has been coordinating policies and sharing data with these countries to collectively improve regional health.

In 2013, Japan faced a serious air pollution event due to hazardous particulate matter from China, which raised concerns about potential health risks. This highlighted the importance of cooperation between the two countries in addressing transboundary air pollution. Japan has also been working with South Korea and China on the issue of yellow dust in the early 2000s, as well as ozone (O3) pollution in the late 2000s, demonstrating a continued commitment to regional collaboration.

Japan's collaboration with neighbouring countries on transboundary air pollution extends beyond policy coordination and data sharing. Japan has been actively involved in technology transfer and joint research with China, particularly in the area of dust-collection technologies and electric vehicles (EVs). Japan's expertise in dust-collection technologies has been instrumental in capturing very small-sized particulate matter, contributing to improved air quality. Additionally, the transfer of technology related to plug-in hybrid electric vehicles is highly anticipated by China.

Furthermore, Japan has been sharing its knowledge and experience in establishing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions management systems. While most technology transfers are conducted between private companies, Japan has also shared its historical experiences and know-how in environmental pollution countermeasures from the 1960s and 1970s through official development assistance (ODA) programs and capacity-building initiatives.

In addition to bilateral cooperation with China, Japan has been an active participant in multilateral processes such as the G7 and G20. During Japan's presidency of the G20 in 2019, the Ministry of the Environment of Japan (MOEJ) and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry co-hosted the Ministerial Meeting on Energy Transitions and the Global Environment for Sustainable Growth. This meeting resulted in a consensus on taking steps to accelerate environmental protection and economic growth, with a focus on addressing marine plastic litter and resource efficiency. Japan's leadership in these multilateral forums provides a platform for continued collaboration and the development of global solutions to transboundary air pollution.

Encouraging sustainable practices and behaviours

Japan has been taking steps to encourage sustainable practices and behaviours among its citizens to reduce air pollution and improve overall environmental quality. Here are some key initiatives:

Emphasising Sustainability in Culture and Education

Sustainability is deeply embedded in Japanese culture, with individuals taking responsibility for their consumption and waste. This sense of collective responsibility is essential in fostering a national mindset that prioritises environmental protection and sustainable practices.

Education also plays a crucial role in encouraging sustainable behaviours. By integrating sustainability into school curricula and raising awareness about the impact of air pollution, young people can develop a stronger sense of environmental stewardship.

Investing in Public Transport and Electric Vehicles

Japan is renowned for its efficient and extensive public transportation system, which includes subways and trains. By investing in and prioritising public transport, the country encourages people to opt for more sustainable travel choices, reducing vehicle emissions and improving air quality.

Additionally, Japan is actively promoting the use of electric vehicles (EVs). The government provides financial assistance to businesses considering switching to electric equipment, and there is a focus on developing and deploying more electric cars, buses, and trucks. This shift to electric mobility further reduces emissions and contributes to cleaner air.

Green Building Practices and Urban Planning

Tokyo, Japan's capital, is committed to becoming a leader in sustainability by 2030 and a zero-emission city by 2050. To achieve these goals, the city encourages greener building practices. This includes constructing energy-efficient buildings, incorporating renewable energy technologies, and designing structures that minimise their environmental footprint.

Tokyo is also investing in creating more green spaces and parks, which not only enhance the city's environmental quality but also provide health and well-being benefits to its residents.

Collaboration with Neighbouring Countries

Recognising that air pollution knows no borders, Japan actively collaborates with its neighbouring countries, including China and South Korea, to address transboundary air pollution. By coordinating policies, sharing data, and implementing joint initiatives, Japan contributes to improving regional air quality and ensuring a healthier future for all.

Waste Management and Recycling

Japan excels in waste management and recycling practices, which are crucial for reducing pollution and conserving resources. The country has established laws and regulations governing waste management, and its citizens actively participate in recycling programmes.

Additionally, Japan is a global leader in waste-to-energy facilities, converting municipal solid waste into energy. This not only reduces landfill waste but also contributes to the country's energy supply.

Promoting Renewable Energy Sources

While Japan still relies heavily on fossil fuels, there is a growing push towards renewable energy sources. The country has increased its investment in renewable energy infrastructure and is promoting the use of solar, wind, and battery storage technologies. This transition to cleaner energy sources is essential for reducing air pollution and combating climate change.

By implementing these initiatives and encouraging sustainable practices and behaviours, Japan is making significant strides towards improving its air quality and creating a more sustainable future for its citizens. These efforts showcase the country's commitment to environmental stewardship and its recognition of the importance of collective action in addressing global challenges.

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