Automakers' Strategies To Reduce Pollution And Save The Planet

Automakers are increasingly focused on reducing pollution, spurred on by the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) stringent pollution standards for passenger cars, light-duty trucks, and medium-duty vehicles. The EPA's Clean Air Act, passed in 1970, has been instrumental in reducing vehicle pollution by adopting stricter standards. Automakers have responded by developing new emission control technologies, such as the automotive catalytic converter, and exploring alternative fuel sources like hydrogen fuel cells and plug-in hybrids. These efforts have resulted in significant improvements, with new vehicles being 98-99% cleaner for most tailpipe pollutants compared to the 1960s. Additionally, there is a growing emphasis on reducing idling, optimizing deliveries, and encouraging the use of fuel-efficient vehicles to minimize emissions further.

Refine internal combustion engines, aerodynamics, drivetrains, and tires

Refine Internal Combustion Engines

Internal combustion engines (ICEs) are a significant environmental threat, producing greenhouse gas emissions and particle emissions that harm all organisms. However, some improvements can be made to reduce their environmental impact. These include:

• New combustion systems and improved electronic control
• Cylinder and piston design improvements
• Expanded exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) tolerance
• NOx after-treatments, such as diesel exhaust fluid (DEF)
• Hybrid options that leverage ICE and electric motor benefits
• Researching new diesel innovations and alternative fuels, such as renewable diesel (HVO)

Aerodynamics

Aerodynamics play a crucial role in improving fuel economy. Automakers can make vehicles more aerodynamic by:

• Rounding the edges of the front end
• Tuning the grille and fascia openings
• Tuning the wheel openings
• Placing spats (small spoilers) in front of the tires to reduce turbulence
• Tuning the size and shape of the outside mirrors and their attachment arms
• Reshaping the water channel on the A-pillars
• Adjusting the front fascia and air dam to reduce drag under the vehicle
• Tuning the deck height, length, and edge radius
• Installing a rear spoiler
• Adjusting the angle of the rear window
• Tuck up the exhaust system
• Using a diffuser to tune the air coming off the underside
• Installing "belly pans," underbody panels that cover components and smooth airflow

Drivetrains

Some adjustments to drivetrains can help improve fuel economy and reduce emissions. These include:

• Stop–start (idle-off) systems, where the engine shuts down when the car is stopped during driving
• Variable valve timing for engines, which increases gas consumption efficiency
• Turbocharging with smaller, more efficient engines that produce the same level of power
• Advanced heat management and cooling systems, which reuse the heat produced in the engine for energy
• Weight reduction, including broader use of high-strength steel
• Increased electrification leading to full hybridization with electric motors and regenerative braking

Tires

Tires are a significant source of air, soil, and water pollution. However, some improvements can be made to reduce their environmental impact:

• Using low rolling-resistance tires, which are harder and reduce friction
• Using rain gardens to capture stormwater and trap street litter and rubber fragments
• Using electrostatic plates that affix to each tire to remove particles emitted by tires and brakes, storing them in a reusable cartridge

Implement stop-start systems

Implementing stop-start systems is a highly effective method of reducing pollution from vehicles. This technology automatically shuts down the engine when the vehicle is stationary, such as at traffic lights or in heavy traffic, and restarts it when the driver signals to move again. This not only enhances fuel efficiency but also significantly reduces emissions and improves air quality.

In city traffic or on congested roads, vehicles consume a significant amount of fuel while idling, which contributes to increased emissions and urban pollution. Stop-start systems address this issue by cutting off the fuel supply and turning off the engine when the vehicle is not in motion. This seamless process is triggered when the car comes to a stop and the system detects the brake pedal being pressed or the clutch depressed (in manual transmission vehicles). When the driver is ready to move again, releasing the brake pedal, engaging the clutch, or pressing the throttle automatically restarts the engine.

The benefits of stop-start systems are extensive. Firstly, they reduce idling fuel consumption, resulting in direct fuel savings for drivers. Secondly, with the engine off during idle periods, vehicles emit fewer pollutants, improving air quality and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, these systems help manufacturers comply with stringent emissions regulations, supporting broader environmental goals.

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology found that aggressive driving behaviours, such as speeding and rapid acceleration, can lower fuel economy by 10-40% in stop-and-go traffic. A study by the University of Queensland also showed that reducing idling can lower carbon emissions and fuel costs by up to 10% or more. Stop-start systems contribute to achieving these reductions in fuel consumption and emissions, making city driving more environmentally friendly and cost-effective.

Furthermore, minimising idle time reduces engine wear and tear, potentially extending the engine's lifespan and decreasing maintenance costs. Reduced idling can lead to fewer carbon deposits and cleaner engine components, enhancing engine performance and reliability. Stop-start systems also improve the driving experience by reducing engine noise and vibrations when the vehicle is stationary.

In summary, implementing stop-start systems in vehicles is a powerful tool for automakers to reduce pollution. By automatically shutting down the engine during idle periods, this technology improves fuel efficiency, lowers emissions, and enhances the overall driving experience. The widespread adoption of stop-start systems can significantly contribute to the goal of creating a cleaner and more sustainable transportation sector.

Reduce unnecessary idling

Idling is when a driver leaves the engine running while the vehicle is parked. Every day in the U.S., millions of cars and trucks idle needlessly, sometimes for hours, and an idling car can release as much pollution as a moving car.

• Reducing Air Pollution: Idling vehicles spew out the same pollutants as moving cars, which have been linked to serious illnesses, including asthma, heart disease, chronic bronchitis, and cancer.
• Saving Money: Idling wastes fuel, which can add up to significant costs over time. Turning off the engine instead of idling can help keep money in your wallet.
• Protecting the Environment: By turning off your engine when idling, you can help reduce carbon dioxide emissions, the primary contributor to global warming.
• Engine Wear: Contrary to popular belief, frequent restarts are not hard on a car's engine and battery. Idling, on the other hand, increases overall engine wear by causing the car to operate for longer than necessary.

Tips to Reduce Unnecessary Idling:

• Turn off your ignition: If you're waiting for more than 10 seconds, turn off your ignition. Restarting your car does not burn more fuel than leaving it idling, and idling for just 10 seconds wastes more gas.
• Avoid warming up your car: Modern electronic engines do not need to warm up, even in winter. The best way to warm up your engine is by driving it, and the vehicle's engine warms twice as quickly when driven.
• Warm up the cabin interior by driving: Sitting in an idling car means breathing in more exhaust fumes that leak into the car cabin. It is healthier to get out of your car and go inside if you are parked and waiting.
• Optimise deliveries and trips: When getting home deliveries or shopping online, request all your packages to be sent in one shipment. For scheduled deliveries, choose longer time windows so that delivery trucks can optimise their routes and avoid unnecessary trips.

Improve fuel efficiency

Improving fuel efficiency is a key strategy for automakers to reduce pollution. Here are some ways to achieve this:

Engine and Drivetrain Modifications:

• Stop-start (idle-off) systems: Implementing idle-off technology where the engine shuts down when the car is stopped can significantly reduce fuel consumption and emissions.
• Variable valve timing: This technology increases fuel efficiency by optimizing the timing of valve openings and closings.
• Turbocharging: Using smaller, more efficient engines with turbochargers can produce the same power while consuming less fuel.
• Advanced heat management: Reusing heat produced by the engine as energy can improve overall fuel efficiency.

Aerodynamic Design and Weight Reduction:

• Improved aerodynamics: Reducing air resistance by streamlining vehicle design can enhance fuel efficiency, especially at higher speeds.
• Weight reduction: Using lightweight, high-strength materials, such as advanced steel alloys, can decrease vehicle weight, leading to better fuel economy.

Efficient Auxiliary Systems:

• Lighting, air conditioning, and transmissions: Upgrading to more efficient lighting systems, air conditioners, and transmissions can reduce the overall fuel consumption of the vehicle.
• Regenerative braking: Capturing the energy generated during braking and converting it into electrical energy can improve fuel efficiency.

Tire Technology:

Low rolling-resistance tires: Harder tires with reduced rolling resistance can decrease friction, leading to improved fuel economy.

Driver-Assist Technologies:

Fuel economy computers or displays: Implementing systems that provide real-time fuel efficiency data can encourage eco-driving behaviours, helping drivers make more fuel-efficient choices.

Hybrid and Electric Vehicles:

• Hybridization: Increasing the electrification of vehicles, from mild hybrids to full hybrids, can significantly reduce fuel consumption and emissions.
• Electric vehicles (EVs): Transitioning towards fully electric powertrains is a crucial step towards zero-emission transportation.

Encourage active travel

Automakers can play a key role in reducing pollution by encouraging active travel. This means promoting transport options beyond private cars, such as walking, cycling, and scooters. This can be achieved through several strategies:

Infrastructure Development

This involves creating dedicated spaces for active travel, such as cycle lanes, pedestrianised areas, and scooter-friendly routes. This not only makes active travel safer but also sends a clear message that these modes of transport are supported and encouraged.

Safety Measures

One of the biggest barriers to active travel is safety. Cyclists and pedestrians are often vulnerable road users, so implementing measures to protect them is essential. This can include separate lanes, reduced speed limits, and improved lighting and signage.

Integrated Transport Systems

Active travel can be encouraged by ensuring seamless connections with other forms of transport. For example, providing secure bike parking at train stations or offering bike- and scooter-sharing schemes with easy-to-access pick-up and drop-off points.

Education and Awareness

Informing people about the benefits of active travel is crucial. Campaigns can highlight the health, environmental, and cost-saving advantages of walking or cycling. Targeted messaging can be used to appeal to different age groups and emphasise the benefits most relevant to them.

Collaboration and Incentives

Working with local communities, schools, and businesses can help to encourage active travel. For example, providing secure bike storage and changing facilities for employees, or offering discounts and incentives for those who choose to walk or cycle to work.

By implementing these strategies, automakers can play a significant role in reducing pollution and improving transport options for people. Active travel has the potential to improve health, reduce congestion, and lower emissions, creating a more sustainable future for all.

Frequently asked questions