Water Pollution's Cancer-Causing Chemicals: A Deadly Link

Water pollution is a serious issue that can have detrimental effects on human health. A recent study published in the journal Heliyon has found that contaminated tap water could cause up to 100,000 cancer cases in the US over a lifetime. The study identified 22 cancer-causing compounds in US municipal water systems, including arsenic, disinfection byproducts, and radioactive elements. These contaminants can pose significant health risks, even when water meets legal specifications. As such, it is crucial to understand the potential dangers of water pollution and the impact it can have on public health.

Arsenic in water

Arsenic is a naturally occurring compound that is found more frequently in the Western US. It is a contaminant in drinking water and is known to cause cancer. Arsenic in drinking water is classified as a known cause of cancer by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).

Drinking water that is contaminated with a high level of arsenic over a long period of time is known to raise the risk of several types of cancer, including lung, bladder, and certain types of skin cancers. Arsenic exposure can also cause liver, kidney, and bladder cancer. The population cancer risks due to arsenic in US water supplies may be comparable to those from environmental tobacco smoke and radon in homes.

Large population studies in an area of Taiwan with high arsenic levels in well water (170-800 micrograms/L) were used to establish dose-response relationships between cancer risks and the concentration of inorganic arsenic naturally present in water supplies. It was estimated that at the current EPA standard of 50 micrograms/L, the lifetime risk of dying from cancer of the liver, lung, kidney, or bladder from drinking 1 L/day of water could be as high as 13 per 1000 persons.

If you have a private well, it is recommended to test it for arsenic. The ministry of health or ministry of the environment in your province or territory can tell you how to do this. If your arsenic level is above 0.01 milligrams per litre (0.01 mg/L) or 10 micrograms per litre (10 µg/L), stop drinking from the well and take steps to reduce the level of arsenic.

Radioactive contaminants

The presence of radioactive contaminants in water can pose a significant health risk to humans. When consumed, these contaminants can accumulate in the body and emit radiation that damages cells and DNA. This damage can lead to the development of cancerous tumours over time. The risk of cancer is particularly high for individuals who are exposed to radioactive contaminants over a long period of time or at high concentrations.

It is important to note that the health risks associated with radioactive contaminants in water are not limited to cancer. These contaminants can also cause other health issues such as birth defects, organ damage, and immune system disorders. Therefore, it is crucial to ensure that water systems are properly monitored and treated to remove or reduce the presence of radioactive contaminants.

The potential health risks associated with radioactive contaminants in water highlight the importance of access to clean and safe drinking water. While water systems in the US are regulated and monitored, as evidenced by the study published in the journal Heliyon, there is still a risk of exposure to radioactive contaminants and other carcinogens. This underscores the need for ongoing research, improved monitoring techniques, and stricter regulations to protect public health.

Nitrosamines

The presence of nitrosamines in drinking water is a concern because it is a potential health risk for people who are exposed to them over long periods of time. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set a maximum contaminant level for nitrosamines in drinking water of 10 parts per billion. However, this level may not be protective enough for people who are particularly vulnerable to the effects of nitrosamines, such as children and the elderly.

It is important to note that the health risks associated with nitrosamines are not limited to cancer. Nitrosamines have also been linked to birth defects, reproductive problems, and damage to the immune system. Therefore, it is crucial to reduce exposure to nitrosamines as much as possible.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)

PFAS are often referred to as "forever chemicals" because they do not break down easily in the environment. They have been used in products such as non-stick cookware, waterproof clothing, and firefighting foam due to their ability to repel water and oil. However, this same property that makes them useful in these applications also makes them difficult for the body to eliminate, leading to bioaccumulation and potential health risks.

PFAS have been detected in the blood of people and animals all over the world, indicating widespread exposure. They can enter the body through ingestion of contaminated food or water, inhalation of contaminated air, or absorption through the skin. Once in the body, PFAS can interfere with important biological processes and have been associated with a range of health problems, including cancer.

Studies have found that exposure to PFAS can increase the risk of certain types of cancer, including testicular cancer, kidney cancer, and liver cancer. The exact mechanisms by which PFAS cause cancer are not yet fully understood, but researchers believe that they may interfere with hormonal and immune system function, leading to the development of tumours.

Regulating and reducing PFAS exposure is challenging due to their persistence and widespread use. However, several countries, including the United States and the European Union, have taken steps to limit their production and use. Additionally, water treatment technologies such as advanced oxidation processes and activated carbon filtration can be effective in removing PFAS from drinking water, helping to reduce the potential health risks associated with exposure.

Uranium and radium

Radium is a radioactive metal that is also naturally occurring in the environment. Radium can be found in rocks, soil, and water, and can be released into the environment through natural processes or human activities. Radium is a known carcinogen and has been linked to an increased risk of bone, liver, and breast cancer.

The presence of uranium and radium in water systems can be due to natural processes or human activities. Uranium and radium can be released into the environment through mining and industrial processes, and can contaminate water sources. Uranium and radium in water can be harmful to human health, as they can be ingested or inhaled. The health risks associated with uranium and radium in water are particularly concerning as they are known carcinogens.

The health risks of uranium and radium in water are not limited to cancer. Uranium and radium can also cause other health problems such as birth defects, developmental delays, and kidney damage. Uranium and radium can also accumulate in the body over time, leading to long-term health effects.

It is important to note that the health risks of uranium and radium in water are not limited to drinking water. Uranium and radium can also be present in other sources of water such as rivers, lakes, and oceans, which can affect aquatic life and ecosystems. Uranium and radium can also contaminate soil and groundwater, which can have long-term environmental and health impacts.

The presence of uranium and radium in water systems highlights the importance of monitoring and regulating water quality. While water systems in the United States are required to meet certain standards, the current regulations may not be sufficient to protect public health. As the study by Evans and colleagues suggests, even water that meets legal specifications may still pose health risks. Therefore, it is crucial to continue researching and addressing the potential health risks associated with water contamination to ensure the safety of public health and the environment.

Frequently asked questions