Surgical Masks: Effective Pollution Protection?

Air pollution is a significant global concern that affects people's health and well-being. Face masks are commonly worn to combat air pollution, with the 3-ply surgical mask being the most popular. However, while surgical masks can provide some level of protection against less severe pollution, they cannot filter out small particles in the air, such as the dangerous PM2.5 particulates. To effectively protect against PM2.5 particles, N95 respirators are recommended as they are designed to filter out 95% of particles with a median diameter of 0.3 microns and form a tight seal over the mouth and nose. Nevertheless, wearing a surgical mask properly is still better than not wearing a mask at all, as it can help reduce the occurrence of respiratory symptoms due to air pollution exposure.

Surgical masks are ineffective against small particles

While surgical masks can provide some protection against air pollution, they are ineffective at filtering out small particles. Surgical masks are designed to block large respiratory particles, but they cannot protect against smaller, more dangerous particles that can reach the lungs and even enter the bloodstream.

The effectiveness of a mask in protecting against air pollution depends on its filtration efficiency and ability to block out small particles. N95 respirators, for example, are known for their high filtration efficiency and ability to filter out at least 95% of airborne particles, both large and small. In comparison, surgical masks have lower filtration efficiency and are not designed to form a tight seal around the face, allowing for potential leakage.

The limitations of surgical masks in blocking small particles are significant, especially when considering the composition of urban aerosols. These aerosols include particles ranging from 10-50 nm in size, which are considered much more dangerous due to their ability to penetrate the lungs and enter the bloodstream. Surgical masks are ineffective against these smaller particles, as they can hardly block anything smaller than 1 micron.

Additionally, surgical masks do not provide an adequate solution for nitrogen dioxide, a major component of urban pollution. While surgical masks can offer some protection against less severe pollution, they should not be solely relied upon, especially in highly polluted areas or industries susceptible to airborne pollutants.

To effectively protect against small particles and improve indoor air quality, alternative solutions such as N95 respirators, air purifiers, and indoor plants are recommended. N95 respirators are specifically designed to provide a tight seal and higher filtration efficiency, making them a more suitable option for combating air pollution.

N95 masks are better at protecting against pollution

While surgical masks can provide some protection against air pollution, N95 masks are considered to be more beneficial in fending off pollutants. Surgical masks are often made in different thicknesses and are designed to protect against contact and liquid. They act as a barrier between your nose, mouth, and the environment. A good-quality surgical mask, if worn properly, can help block droplets, splashes, and splatters that may contain germs. However, they cannot stop smaller particles resulting from sneezes or air pollutants like PM2.5 particles and gaseous air pollutants. They are also ineffective against nitrogen dioxide, the major component of urban pollution.

On the other hand, N95 masks are widely used as basic air pollution masks and are known for their high filtration efficiency. They can filter out 95% of all non-oily air pollutants, including some PM2.5 pollutants. N95 masks are designed to form a tight seal around the face, ensuring minimal leakage. They are equipped with a separate air valve for exhaled air, preventing moisture buildup and spectacle fogging. These masks are washable and reusable, making them a cost-effective option.

The choice between an N95 and a surgical mask becomes especially important in highly polluted cities. For instance, in places like New Delhi, Bangkok, and Chiang Mai, which are known for their poor air quality, opting for an N95 mask can provide better protection. N95 masks are also recommended by experts when the Air Quality Index (AQI) level crosses 50, as values below this threshold are considered unsafe.

It is worth noting that while N95 masks offer superior protection against air pollution compared to surgical masks, they have their limitations. For instance, N95 masks are not effective against oil-based pollutants. If you seek total protection from all types of pollutants, including oil-based ones, you should consider upgrading to a P95 mask, which can intercept both oil-based and non-oil-based impurities.

Masks with different filters can be chosen for protection

Masks are a good option to protect yourself from air pollution. However, the effectiveness of a mask depends on its fit and filtration system. Surgical masks, for example, are not very effective against urban aerosols as they cannot catch particles smaller than 1 micron. The smallest particles, which are considered the most dangerous as they can reach the lungs and even enter the bloodstream, are usually below 200 nm.

If you are looking for masks with better protection, consider getting an N95 respirator. These masks are designed to form a tight seal around your face, ensuring minimal leakage. They are known for their high filtration efficiency and ability to block out small particles, filtering out 95% of airborne particles. The 3M 8511 and 3M 8210 disposable N95 respirators are widely available and relatively comfortable.

If you are looking for a reusable option, the 3M 6502QL/49489 Rugged Comfort reusable respirator is a good choice. It can be fitted with filters that protect against paint fumes, volatile gases, dust, and smoke. It is comfortable to wear and is available in multiple sizes.

For those who are physically active outdoors, the Respro® Masks are a good option. They are designed for the "urban sports environment", such as biking in heavy traffic, and have two valves for easier breathing. The mask is made of Neoprene, which is stretchable and adaptable to different facial features, ensuring a good seal. The filter lifespan is said to be 69 hours, providing long-term use.

Another option is the Cambridge Mask, which uses unique carbon technology for filtration. Vogmask is also a trendy mask that uses microfiber filtration fabric to provide an N99 rating.

It is important to choose a mask that suits your needs and ensures a proper fit to maximise protection.

Air purifiers and plants improve indoor air quality

While surgical masks have gained popularity in highly polluted areas, they only offer a basic level of protection against air pollution. They are ineffective at filtering out the smallest, most dangerous particles, and cannot protect against nitrogen dioxide, a major component of urban pollution. Therefore, it is recommended to use N95 respirators, which offer higher filtration efficiency and form a tight seal around the face.

To improve indoor air quality, air purifiers and plants can be used. Air purifiers with HEPA filters can remove up to 99.97% of airborne particles, including dust, pollen, mould spores, and pet dander. They also have activated carbon filters that remove odours and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, they require electricity, have ongoing maintenance costs, and some models can be noisy.

Plants are a natural way to improve indoor air quality. They absorb contaminants and increase oxygen levels through photosynthesis and transpiration, removing pollutants like formaldehyde, benzene, and trichloroethylene. Plants also have aesthetic and psychological benefits, enhancing the appeal of a space, reducing stress, and improving mood and cognitive function. Additionally, they regulate humidity, which is beneficial for respiratory health, and they are cost-effective and environmentally friendly.

According to NASA research, certain houseplants are efficient at absorbing contaminants and increasing oxygen levels, making them ideal for improving indoor air quality. Examples include pothos, ivy, and ficus. However, it is important to note that plants should not be viewed as a substitute for air purifiers, and some plants can be toxic to pets.

Therefore, to effectively improve indoor air quality, a combined approach using both air purifiers and plants is recommended.

Staying indoors is the most effective way to avoid pollution

While surgical masks have become increasingly popular in highly polluted areas, they are not a definitive solution for combating air pollution. Surgical masks are cheap and widely available, but they are ineffective against small particles in the air, which can be dangerous as they can reach your lungs and even enter your bloodstream.

Surgical masks are also ineffective against nitrogen dioxide, a major component of urban pollution. They also do not form a tight seal around the face, which can lead to leakage. As such, they are not very effective against pollution or viral infections. Dr VK Monga, Secretary of the Indian Medical Association (IMA), stated that "technically speaking, a surgical mask does not help to prevent particle matters from entering your lungs, people just use it for psychological satisfaction."

For better protection against air pollution, N95 respirators are recommended. These masks are designed to form a tight seal around the face, ensuring minimal leakage, and can filter out most particle pollutants. N99 and N100 masks can also filter particles with 99% and 99.97% efficiency, respectively, but they cannot filter oil-based air pollutants. However, it is important to note that these masks may affect your breathing due to their tight seal, so individuals with breathing difficulties should consult a healthcare provider before using them.

While masks can provide some protection, staying indoors is the most effective way to avoid pollution. During peak pollution times, it is advisable to stay indoors, close windows and doors, and use an air conditioner if possible. If windows must be open, steps should be taken to reduce indoor air pollution, such as investing in a mechanical air cleaner or air purifier with a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter. Additionally, cleaning vents and damp areas inside the home and growing air-purifying plants can help maintain healthy indoor air quality.

Frequently asked questions